-4 billion Beginning of the Archean period.
-2.5 billion Beginning of the Proterozoic period.
-542 million Beginning of the Cambrian period.
-488 million Beginning of the ordovician period.
-444 million Beginning of the Silurian period.
-416 million Beginning of the Devonian period.
-359 million Beginning of the Carboniferous period.
-299 million Beginning of the Permian period.
-251 million Beginning of the Triassic period.
-210 million? A giant asteroid strikes Manakwagen, Canada, leaving the present ring-shaped lake.
-200 million Beginning of the Jurassic period.
-145 million Beginning of the Cretaceous period.
-130 million? Flowers first appear on Earth.
-100 million? Flowering plants swiftly diversify in an explosion of varieties that establishes most of the flowering plant families of the modern world.
-65 million Beginning of the paleogene.
-23 million Beginning of the Neogene.
-2.6 million Beginning of the Pleistocene epoch and the Quaternary period.
-72 thousand Toba erupts leaving a hole 20x60 miles that is now Lake Toba.  16 billion tons of ash are ejected.  Man is exterminated between Java and Iran.
-33 thousand? Chauvee Cave Paintings are made in France.
-14.5 thousand Pre-Clovis people are living in South America.
-13.5 thousand Siberians enter the Americas with Clovis point weapons.
-12 thousand Beginning of the Holocene epoch.
-11000    Earth passes into a thousand-year cooling event called the Younger Dryas.  Many large animals die out.  The Clovis culture dies out as well.
-10900 An extraterrestrial impact leaves tiny diamonds among Clovis Culture remains.
-10 thousand Seafaring men appear in Flores.
-10 thousand? Dogs are domesticated in Israel and Iraq.
-7000? Goats are domesticated in Iran.  Pigs and sheep are domesticated in Northeast Syria and Southeast Turkey.
-6500? A set of eight copper beads found next to the wrist of a skeleton dated to this time in Megar, Pakistan, contains microscopic traces of several cotton fibers.  This may be the oldest known human use of cotton fibers.
-6000? Cats are domesticated in Northeast Africa.  Cattle are domesticated in Turkey.  Chickens are domesticated inSoutheast Asia.
-6000 Austronesians migrate from southern China to Taiwan.
-5300? Intensive, year-round agriculture begins to be practised in sumerian cities.
-5000? to -3000? The neolithic Yang Shao culture flourishes in China.
-4500? to -3000? The neolithic Hong Shan culture flourishes in China.
-4000? Horses are domesticated on the Eurasian Steppe.
-3800? Sargon I is king of Agade (Assyria).
-3500? Writing appears in Sumeria.
-3500 Writing begins to appear on Harappa pottery.
-3500? Donkeys are domesticated in North Africa.  Dromedaries and camels are domesticated in southern Arabia.  Baktrian camels are domesticated in South Asia.
-3300 The bronze age begins in the Near East and the Indian subcontinent.
-3300? to -2200? The neolithic Lian Ju culture flourishes in China.
-3300? The rise of Harappa.
-3195 Abnormally small tree-ring growth.-2354 Abnormally small tree-ring growth.
-3000? The bronze age begins in southeastern Europe and the Near East.
-3000? A ditch is dug around Stonehenge using antlers.
-3000? Ducks are domesticated in Southeast Asia.
-3000 The bronze age begins in the Aegean.
-2700? syllabic writing starts to develop from the early pictograms in Sumeria.
-2630? Imhotep builds the stepped pyramid at Sakara, thought to be Egypt's oldest pyramid.
-2600? The cities of Mohenjo-Daro and Harrappa emerge.
-2500? Guinea pigs are domesticated in the Andes.
-2478? Kufu begins construction on the great pyramid at Giza using some 2.3 million stone blocks weighing an average of 2.5 tons.  Standing 481 feet high, it is the tallest monument in the world until the 19th century.
-2323? Plotters murder King Teti.
-2300 Stonehenge is erected.
-2270? Sargon is born.
-2230? Emperor Shun makes a flight in some kind of flying apparatus in China.
-2215? Sargon dies.
-2200? Khammurabi is king of Assyria.
-2100? The zigaret of Ur is constructed.
-2100? The bronze age begins in Britain.
-2000? Austronesian speakers move into the northeastern Maluku area between Ternate and the New Guinea mainland.
-2000?  The Papyrus Rhind is a sort of mathematical handbook of the ancient Egyptians.  It was made in the time of the Hyksos Kings, but is a copy of an older book.  It is now preserved in the British Museum.
-2000? The bronze age begins in China.
-2000? The dingo is introduced into Australia.
-2000? The name, Abi-ramu (Abram), appears on Babylonian contracts of about this time.
-2000? The Shia bronze-age culture flourishes in China.
-2000 The bronze age begins in China.
-2000 The middle bronze age begins in the Near East.
-1990? Mentuhoteb II reconquers Lower Egypt, reuniting Upper and Lower Egypt.
-1920? Joseph's brothers sell him to a spice caravan.
-1900 Dingos appear in Australia.
-1800? Sumerian, which has coexisted with Accadian for about 1,00 years,  ceases to be spoken in Sumeria.
-1800? The Indo-Europeans appear from somewhere north of the Black Sea, and take over Europe, including Micenian Greece.
-1800? The Lapita culture arises in the Bismarck Archipelago.
-1750? The hittite kingdom arises in Anatolia.
-1700? Cloves were being used in an ordinary household kitchen in Syria (Mesopotamia).
-1700? Harappan culture begins in India.
-1700? Mesopotamia is united    under Babylonian rule.
-1645-20) Acid layer in ice indicates large volcanic eruption.
-1631? Santa Irene explodes, destroying Minoan civilization.
-1630? Santorini (Thera) erupts in the Mediterranean.
-1628 Santerene erupts.
-1628 Abnormally small tree-ring growth.
-1625? Thera erupts (radiocarbon date estimate).
-1600? the Mycenaean Greeks first enter the historical record.
-1600? to 1045? The Shang bronze-age culture flourishes on the Yellow River plain in China.  China's recorded history starts with the Shang.  Their writing is the earliest known script in East Asia.
-1591? Babylon is sacked.
-1550 The middle bronze age ends in the Near East.
-1531? Babylon is sacked.
-1500? Dhanwantari, the earliest known Hindu physician, practises medicine in India.
-1500? Crete is invaded.  The Cnossian palace is sacked and burned, and Cretan art suffers an irreparable blow.
-1500? The tribute lists of Tethmosis (Thothmes) III are written.
-1470? Hapshepsut seizes the Egyptian throne from her child stepson.
-1450? The Mycenaean Greeks assault Crete.
-1450? Joppa falls to Egyptian general Jehuti.  Thutmosa is Pharaoh.
-1390-50) Ice cores indicate large volcanic eruption.  Probably Santerene.
-1348? Akhenaten bans worship of the traditional gods of Egypt and forms a new religion around Aten, the sun disk.
-1300 The Lapita culture appears in the Admiralty Islands of Melanesia.
-1300? The Achaens enter Greece.  They find the land occupied by the Pelasgians, who continue to be the main element in the population down to classical times even in the states under Achaean and later under Dorian rule.
-1300? Harappan culture ends in India.
-1290? The Hittite empire is at the height of its power.
-1274 The Hittites fight Egypt in the inconclusive Battle of Kadesh.
-1258? Egypto-Hittite Peace Treaty, between Hattusili III and Ramesses II.
-1252? The ascendancy of Sidon ends and the hegemony of Tyre begins in Phoenecia.
-1250? The Mycenaean Greeks assault Troy.
-1213 Merneptah begins tu rule in Egypt.
-1208 Menepta's victory stela holds first inscription mentioning Israel.
-1203 Merneptah's rule ends in Egypt.
-1200 The bronze age ends in the Near East.
-1200? The Chinese learn how to cast large bronzes.  This technology will not reach the Mediterranian for another thousand years.
-1189? Wu Ding, 21st Shang king, dies in China.
-1184 The Trojan War.  The Achaeans came into Greece three generations before this.
-1180? The city of Ugarit is destroyed.
-1180? The Hittite empire disintegrates into several independent Neo-Hittite" city-states, some surviving until as late as the 8th century BC.
-1160? The Hittite empire collapses under civil war and rivalling claims to the throne combined with the external threat of the Sea Peoples.
-1159 Abnormally small tree-ring growth.
-1145? Di Shin, the 29th and final Shang King, is defeated by the neighboring Jo in China.
-1130?  Tyre colonizes Gades, now Cadiz, in Spain.
-1100? The Hittite language becomes extinct.
-1045? to -0256?  The bronze-age Jo dynasty rules China.
-1000? The palace at Cnossus is once more destroyed, and never rebuilt or re-inhabited.  Iron takes the place of Bronze.  Aegean art and writing cease on the Greek mainland and in the Aegean isles including Crete.
-1000? The Sabaeans are carrying on trade with India.
-1000 The thylacine becomes extinct in Australia.
-1000? The Homeric poems are written.
-1000 Humans appear in the Palau Islands.
-1000? Foxtail millet appears for the first time in Timor.
-1000? The Sabaeans colonize Abyssinia.
-0992? The queen of Sheba visits Solomon with camels bearing spices.
-0918? Abijah, son and successor of Rehoboam, becomes king of Judah.  He rules for about two years until -0915.
-0900 The Lapita culture reaches Samoa and Tonga.
-0885? A powerful and warlike monarch, Asshur-nazir-pal, mounts the throne of Nineveh, and shortly engages in a series of wars with surrounding regions.
-0877? First contact takes place between Phoenicia and Assyria under the murderous Asshur-nazir-pal.
-0875? AHAB ascends the throne of Israel.  He is the son and successor of Omri.  His name means "father's brother."
-0860? Ex-Queen Elisa flees Pygmalion, king of Tyre, and founds Carthage.
-0854 Shalmaneser II of Assyria fights a great confederation of princes from Cilicia, N. Syria, Israel, Ammon, and the tribes of the Syrian desert at the battle of Karkar (perhaps Apamea).  Ahabbu Sir'lai (Ahab the Israelite) with Baasha, son of Ruhub (Rehob) of Ammon and nine others are allied with Bir-'idri (Ben-hadad), Ahab's contribution being reckoned at 2000 chariots and 10 thousand men.
-0850? Carthage is founded.
-0839? Shalmaneser II brings Syria and Phoenicia into full subjection to Assyria after a long and bloody war lasting about 15 years.
-0800 The bronze age begins in Korea.
-0800 By now, the "h" sound has been ignored in Ionic writing.    The "h" sound ceased at a very early period to exist in Ionic.
-0753 Rome is founded.
-0750? The bronze age ends in Britain.
-0745? Tiglath-pileser II founds the Second or Lower Assyrian Empire.
-0727? Assyrian King Shalmaneser IV, the successor and probably the son of Tiglath-pileser II, leads a great expedition into the west, and overruns all Syria and Phoenicia.   Tyre and Aradus remain safe upon their islands.  Sidon and the other cities upon the mainland are protected by strong and lofty walls.-0722? Shalmaneser loses his throne in a revolution at Nineveh.  This effectively relieves the bothersome siege upon Tyre.
-0725?  Acre joins Sidon and Tyre in a revolt against Shalmaneser IV.
-0722 Part of Israel falls to Assyria.
-0720 The Assyrians exile northern Israel to the four winds.
-0700 The bronze age ends in China.
-0700? the Lydians invent coinage.
-0680? Assyrian King Esarhaddon destroys Sidon and repeoples it with prisoners he has taken from the Persian Gulf.  He makes an Assyrian general governor over the city, and changes its name from Sidon to "Ir-Esarhaddon."
-0676 Rome is founded.
-0670? Assyrian King Esarhaddon conquers Egypt.
-0668 Assurbanipal lives till -0626.  He is king of Assyria.
-0668?  Asshur-bani-pal attacks Egypt and reconquers it for Assyria in about four years.
-0664?  Asshur-bani-pal besieges Tyre.  King Baal yields his daughter and nieces along with all their dowries.
-0660? Byzantium is born.
-0650 - -0625 Gorgus, son of the Corinthian tyrant Cypselus, founds a Corinthian colony at AMBRACIA (more correctly AMPRACIA).
-0645? Asshur-bani-pal finds that Hosah, a small place in the vicinity of Tyre, and Accho, famous as Acre in later times, have risen in revolt against their Assyrian governors, refused their tribute, and asserted independence.  He attacks and devastates them.
-0633? Cyaxares, king of Media, lays siege to Nineveh.
-0632 Cylon, who has unsuccessfully attempted to make himself "tyrant" is treacherously murdered with his followers.
-0630? The Scythians, who have burst down from the north, become dominant in Assyria until about -0610.
-0622 Deutoronomy is written and planted in the temple.  It is discovered by people cleaning the temple, and what is left of Israel becomes monotheistic.
-0620? Aesop is born.  He lives till about -0560.
-0610? Neco ascends the throne of Egypt.
-0608 Neco leads a great expedition into Palestine.
-0606? Josiah ambushes the Egyptian army.  His forces are routed, and he is killed.
-0606 The Medes and Babylonians overthrow Nineveh.
-0605? Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar routs the Egyptian army under Neco at Carchemish.  He persues them to the borders of Egypt, where he receives news that his father has died, making it necessary for him to return to Babylon in order to secure his throne.
-0600? Phoenician navigators circumnavigate Africa from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean in three years.  There expedition is funded by King Necho, of Egypt.
-0600? Marseilles founded.
-0598? Phoenicia revolts against Nebuchadnezzar under Ithobal of Tyre.
-0590 War breaks out between the Medes and the Lydians.  This war lasts five years.
-0589 ANACHARSIS, a Scythian philosopher, is entrusted by his father, Gnurus, chief of a nomadic tribe of the Euxine shores, with an embassy to Athens.  He becomes acquainted with Solon, from whom he rapidly acquires a knowledge of the wisdom and learning of Greece, and by whose influence he is introduced to the principal persons in Athens.  He is the first stranger who received the privileges of citizenship.
-0586 Judea falls to Babylon.  Nebuchadnezzar razes the Temple of Solomon.
-0585 May 25  There is an eclipse of the sun.  This eclipse was predicted to the Ionians by Thales, the Milesian.  It is the first recorded instance of a predicted eclipse.  Alyattus, father of Croesus, is king of the Lydians.  The Lydians and the Medes, who are at war, stop fighting, and decide to make peace.
-0585 Insular Tyre submits to Babylon after 13 years of fighting.
-0582? PYTHAGORAS is born at Samos.
-0582? Colonists from Gela found Agrigentum (Gr. `Akragas, mod. Girgenti) a city on the south coast of Sicily, 2Sm. from the sea, perhaps on the site of an early Sicanian settlement.
-0570 Phalaris becomes tyrant in Agrigentum.  He is said to roast his enemies to death in a brazen bull.  He rules until -0554.
-0570 Anaximander of Miletus invents maps and the gnomon.
-0568 Nebuchadnezzar (Babylon) appears to have attacked Ahmase II (Egypt).
-0550 Confucius is born.
-0550 Cyrus the Great founds the Persian empire.  He is the great-grandson of Teespes.
-0548 Fire destroys the temple of the Delphian Apollo.
-0544 The majority of the people of Teos migrate to Abdera after the Ionian revolt to escape the Persian yoke.
-0538 Persian King Cyrus defeats Nabonidus of Babylon, ending the Babylonian Empire.
-0536 The tyrant, Polycrates, rules Samos until -0522(?).  He is murdered by the Persians.
-0529? Persian King Cyrus dies.  He is succeeded by his son, Cambyses.
-0529 Cambyses begins his rule in Persia.
-0522 Darius succeeds Cambyses in Persia.  He is the son of Hystaspes, who is the great-grandson of Teespes.
-0520? Darius I codifies Egyptian law.
-0520? Hanno, a Carthaginian, explores the African coast as far as Sierra Leone.  He may have reached the Bight of Benin.  The Phoenicians also possess a vague knowledge of the Niger regions.
-0516 Darius causes the great Behistun inscription to be engraved in cuneiform.
-0515 Darius I commands a massive bluff at Behistun, in western Persia, to be inscribed in the three chief languages of the empire.  All three of its inscriptions are in cuneiform characters.  It tells of some of his deeds.
-0507 Athens defeats Thebes.
-0507? Thebes makes overtures to Aegina for an alliance, but these come to nothing.  The refusal of Aegina is veiled under the diplomatic form of "sending the Aeacidae."
-0501 Hecataeus of Miletus writes the first geography.
-0500? The temple of Heracles is built at Agrigentum.
-0500? Rice makes its first appearance in Malaya and Sulawesi.
-0500? Dongson "moko" bronze kettledrums begin to appear throughout the Malay Archipelago.  Upon them are inscribed "ship of the dead" motiffs.
-0498 Athens sends twenty vessels to the aid of the Ionians.
-0495? Persia attacks Miletus with the help of the Phoenician and other fleets.  Miletus falls, but at great cost to the Persian side.
-0492 The Phoenician ships carrying Persian troops to attack Greece are destroyed in a storm near Mt.  Athos.
-0492 Persian King Darius sends a fleet and army under Mardonius into Greece by way of the Hellespont and the European coast.  The fleet is shattered by a storm off Mount Athos, and the land force is greatly damaged by a night attack on the part of the Thracians.
-0491 Aegina is one of the states that gives the symbols of submission (earth and water) to Persia.
-0490 Persian King Darius dispatches a fleet and army to Greece under Datis and Artaphernes.  They take their course through the islands, and land perhaps 200 thousand men on the plain of Marathon, where Miltiades defeats them.  They return hastily by sea to Asia.  A Phoenician vessel plunders the temple of Delium on the B otian coast opposite Chalcis, carrying off from it a gold-plated image of Apollo.
-0490 Aegina enters a period of naval superiority lasting until -0480.
-0490 The battle of Marathon.
-0488 Buddha dies.
-0488 Athens refuses to restore the hostages previously deposited in Athens by Sparta.  War breaks out between Athens and Aegina.  It lasts until -0481.  Athens gets the worst of this war.
-0484 Achaemenes, son of Darius I, brother of Xerxes, becomes satrap of Egypt after the first rebellion of Egypt.
-0484? The Romans take the chief center of the Aequi, in Italy.
-0483 Athens begins the construction of 200 triremes "for the war against Aegina" on the advice of Themistocles.  Work continues until -0482.
-0481 Themistocles destroys .75 of the Persian fleet in the strait of Salamis.
-0481 There is a congress at the Isthmus of Corinth.  Hostilities between Athens and Aegina end.
-0480 Combined Greek forces defeat the Persians near Plataea, and the Athenian fleet destroys the Persian navy off Cape Mycale in Asia Minor.
-0479 The Greek army defeats the remnant of the army of Xerxes at Plataea.
-0479 September 22 The Macedaemonians and Athenians under Pausanias route the Persians at the glorious battle of Plataea, putting nearly 300 thousand of them to the sword.
-0478 Confucius dies.
-0477 After the great war with Persia, the Aegean cities unite under the leadership of Athens in a political league.  They choose the temple of the Delian Apollo as its center, doubtless through a desire to connect the new alliance with the associations of the old amphictyony.  This is the Delian confederacy.
-0465 The Athenian, Cimon, defeats Tithraustes, a son of Xerxes, at the Eurymedon.  The Athenians and their allies have 250 triremes, mostly of Athens.  The Persian fleet is said to have consisted of 340 vessels, drawn from the Phoenicians, the Cyprians, and the Cilicians.
-0461 The Athenians ostracise Cimon.  A change in Athenian foreign policy results.  This leads to what is sometimes called the First Peloponnesian War, in which the brunt of the fighting falls upon Corinth and Aegina.
-0460 The persian fleet, commanded by Achaemenes, is defeated at Salamis.  He is later killed by Inarus, the leader of the second rebellion of Egypt.
-0458 Athens gains final victory over Aegina.
-0456? After a seige, Aegina is forced to surrender to Athens and to accept the position of a subject-ally.  The tribute is fixed at 30 talents.
-0454 The treasury of the Delian Confederacy is moved from Delos to Athens.
-0450 Himilco the Carthaginian said to have visited Britain.
-0450? Hanno the Carthaginian sails down the west coast of Africa as far as Sierra Leone.
-0446 Herodotus describes Egypt and Scythia.
-0445 Under the Thirty Years' Truce Athens covenants to restore to Aegina her autonomy.
-0437 The Athenians and other Greeks, under Hagnon, colonize 'Ennea `Odoi ("Nine Roads"),a  Thracian town.  Once also called Amphipolis, it is now known as Yeni Keui.
-0435? Alcibiades seizes Agatharchus and compels him to paint the interior of his house.  At this time, decorative painting of rooms is the fashion.
-0434 - -0433 Anaxagoras is forced to retire from Athens to Lampsacus.
-0431 In the first winter of the Peloponnesian War, Athens expels the Aeginetans and establishes a cleruchy in aegina.  Sparta settles the Aeginetans in Thyreatis, on the frontiers of Laconia and Argolis.
-0430 The plague hits Athens.
-0429 Pericles dies.
-0428 Anaxagoras dies.
-0426 The Athenians purify the island of Delos and institute a great festival to be held under their presidency every four years.
-0424 Amphipolis surrenders to the Spartan, Brasidas, without resistance. This is because of the gross negligence of the historian, Thucydides, who is with the fleet at Thasos.
-0424 Nicias lands at Thyreatis with An Athenian force and puts most of the Aeginetan exiles to the sword.
-0422 The Athenians expell the Delians from Delos.
-0421 The peace of Nicias.
-0415 The struggle between Syracuse and Athens lasts till -0413.
-0410 Hannibal leads the Carthaginians against Sicily with one hundred thousand men.  Within three months he captures the two Hellenic cities of Selinus and Himera.
-0406 or -0405 Egypt shakes off the Persian yoke, and establishes her independence under a native sovereign.
-0406 Socrates is the only man who dares oppose the illegal execution of the six generals in Athens.  All of them are killed.
-0405 Lysander destroys the last Athenian armament in the Peloponnesian War at Aegospotami ("Goat Streams"), a small creek issuing into the Hellespont, N.E.  of Sestos.
-0405 Despite the help of the Siceliot cities, Agrigentum is captured and plundered by the Carthaginians, a blow from which it never entirely recovers.
-0404 Thrasybulus takes charge and repulses the Thirty from Piraeus.
-0404 The Thirty set up a reign of terror in Athens.
-0404 April Athens surrenders to Sparta.
-0403 Athens officially adopts the Ionic alphabet and gives up the old Attic alphabet.
-0403 The power of the Thirty is broken, and peace and democrasy return to Athens.
-0403 The warring-states period begins in China.  The Hu people (thought to include horse-riding seminomadic people from Central Asia) first appear in Chinese history.  This is the first time the nomads come south.  Wall-building accelerates.  The warring-states period lasts until -0221.
-0401 Cyrus the younger goes on an expedition against his brother, Artaxerxes of Persia.
-0401 AGESILAUS II, king of Sparta, succeeds Agis II, his older step-brother.  He is the son of Archidamus II and Eupolia, and is of the Eurypontid family.
-0400? Hippocrates compiles a list of medicinal spices and herbs.
-0400 The bronze age ends in Korea.
-0400? Dionysius I founds Adranon.
-0396 Agesilaus is sent to Asia with a force of 2000 Neodamodes (enfranchized Helots) and 6000 allies to secure the Greek cities against a Persian attack.
-0395 spring After spending the winter organizing a cavalry force, Agesilaus makes a successful incursion into Lydia.
-0394 After being deprived of Delos at the end of the Peloponnesian War, Athens appears to have regained control of the island after the victory of Cnidus.
-0394 The presence of Phoenician ships at Cnidus turns the scale between Athens and Sparta, enabling the Athenians to recover the naval supremacy which they have lost at  gos-Potami.
-0393 The appearance of a Phoenician fleet in Greek waters affords the Athenians an opportunity to rebuild their "Long Walls."
-0392 or -0391? Evagoras, a Cypriot Greek who claims descent from Teucer, inaugurates a revolution at Salamis in Cyprus, where he slays the Phoenician monarch, Abdemon, who held his throne under Persia, and, himself mounting the throne, proceeds to reduce to subjection the whole island.
-0390? Phoenicia, or at least a part of it, detaches itself from the Persian Empire.
-0390 July 18 The Romans suffer a terrible defeat at the hands of the Gauls in the battle of BALLIA (named after a small tributary of the Tiber about 11 miles north of Rome).
-0390 Syracusan refugees found Ancona.
-0387 Alarmed by the presence of a Phoenician fleet, Sparta subscribes to the agreement known as "the Peace of Antalcidas."
-0378 Agesilaus (Sparta) invades Boeotia (Thebes).
-0377 Agesilaus (Sparta) again invades Boeotia (Thebes).
-0375 The Persians, Pharnabazus and Iphicrates, collect a vast armament and make an attempt to recover Egypt.  Their attempt completely fails.
-0371 On Agesilaus' advice, Cleombrotus is ordered to march against Thebes.
-0370? An independent Greek dynasty is established in Bactria.
-0370 Agesilaus tries to restore Spartan prestige by an invasion of Mantinean territory.
-0370 Agesilaus' prudence and heroism save Sparta when her enemies, led by Epaminondas, penetrate Laconia.
-0368 Because of the tyranny of ALEXANDER, tagus or despot of Pherae in Thessaly, The Thessalians apply to Thebes.  Pelopidas is sent to their assistance.  He is treacherously seized and thrown into prison, and it is necessary to send Epaminondas with a large army to secure his release.
-0368 The Achaean League, a confederation of towns in Achaea, fights in the Theban wars.  These wars last until -0362.
-0366 The revolt of the satraps begins.
-0362 There seems to be something like a general revolt of the western provinces against Persia, in which the satraps of Mysia, Phrygia, and Lydia, Mausolus prince of Caria, and the peoples of Lycia, Pisidia, Pamphylia, Cilicia, and Syria participate.
-0362 The battle of Mantinea.
-0362 general Aeneas of Stymphalus fights at the battle of Mantinea.
-0362 Agesilaus' prudence and heroism save Sparta when her enemies all but succeed in seizing the city by a rapid and unexpected march.
-0361 Having secured the services of Agesilaus and Chabrias, Tachos, native king of Egypt, advances boldly into Syria with the object of enlarging his own dominions at the expense of Persia.  He is received with favour by the Phoenicians, who are quite willing to form a portion of his empire.
-0361 Agesilaus goes to Egypt at the head of a mercenary force to aid the rebel satrap, Tachos, against Persia.
-0356 probably in October, Alexander the Great (Alexander III) is born.
-0351 Sidon, feeling herself aggrieved by the conduct of the Persian authorities at Tripolis, where the general assembly of the Phoenicians holds its meetings, boldly raises the standard of revolt against Persia under Tennes, or Tabnit II., and induces the Phoenicians generally to declare themselves independent.
-0351 Caere becomes the  first example of a conquered town which has been deprived of local self-government, whose people have no political rights.  They now belong to a class of Roman citizens not included in the thirty tribes of Servius Tullius, and are subject to a poll-tax arbitrarily fixed by the censor.
-0350? Collecting an army of 300 thousand foot and 30 thousand horse, supported by 300 triremes and 500 transports or provision-ships, Persian King Ochus slaughters the people of Sidon and retakes Egypt for Persia.
-0350? Chinese Emperor Chee-Whange-Tee orders the destruction of all the most ancient writings so that everything will  begin anew as from his reign.  Only a few volumes survive.
-0343 - -0342 Aristotle comes to Pella at Philip's bidding to direct the education of his son, Alexander III.
-0342? ALEXANDER I is king of Epirus.  He is the brother of Olympias, who is the mother of Alexander the Great.
-0339 Nekht-nebf, or Nectanebo II., the last native Pharaoh of Egypt, flees from Ochus to Ethiopia.
-0338 Timoleon colonizes Agrigentum with settlers from Veha in Lucania.
-0338 Philip forces the Grecian States to appoint him generalissimo of their armies, and promises to lead them to the conquest of Persia.
-0338 Alexander III heads the charge that breaks the Sacred Band at Chaeronea.
-0338 The Achaean League fights Philip.
-0337 Philip repudiates Olympias for another wife, Cleopatra.
-0337 Alexander III commands in Macedonia during Philip's absence and quells a rising of the hill tribes on the northern border.
-0336 While celebrating the marriage of his daughter to Alexander I, of Epirus, at Aegae, Philip is suddenly assassinated in the presence of a great concourse from all the Greek world.  The newly born son of Philip by Cleopatra, and Alexander's cousin Amyntas, are put to death, and Alexander takes up the interrupted work of his father.
-0336? Alexander I marries Cleopatra, daughter of Philip of Macedon.
-0335 spring Alexander strikes across the Balkans, probably by the Shipka Pass.  He frustrates the mountain warfare of its tribes by a precision of discipline which, probably, no other army of the time can approach.  He traverses the land of the Triballians (Rumelia) to the Danube.  Then he comes back and destroys most of Thebes.
-0334 spring with an army of between 30 thousand and 40 thousand men, Macedonians, Illyrians, Thracians and the contingents of the Greek states, Alexander crosses into Asia.  The place of concentration is Arisbe on the Hellespont.  He takes the time to visit Troy.
-0334 Alexander crosses the Hellespont into Asia.  His army consists of 34 thousand foot and 4 thousand horse.  He has with him only seventy talents in money.  He marches directly on the Persian army, which, vastly exceeding him in strength, is holding the line of the Granicus.  He forces the passage of the river, routes the enemy, and gains the possession of all Asia Minor.
-0333 Alexander founds Alexandria ad Issum.   Iskanderun preserves the name, but probably not the exact site, about 23 miles south of the scene of his victory, to supersede Myriandrus as key of the Syrian Gates.
-0333 The battle of Issus.
-0333? Pytheas visits Britain and the Low Countries.
-0332 Alexander conquers Egypt.
-0332 Acerra becomes a city with Latin rights.
-0332 Alexander conquers Persia and visits India.
-0331 September 20 The Macedonian army crosses the Tigris.
-0330 summer Bessus and the Persian magnates with him stab Darius while fleeing Alexander.
-0330? Alexander I crosses over to Italy to assist the Tarentines against the Lucanians, Bruttians and Samnites.
-0330 The Achaean League fights Antipater.
-0330? Alexander I is killed by a Lucanian emigrant.
-0330 The Persian empire and dynasty end with Darius III "Codomannus."
-0330 Nearchus sails from the Indus to the Arabian Gulf.
-0328 spring Alexander crosses the Hindu Kush into Bactria and follows the retreat of Bessus across the Oxus and into Sogdiana (Bokhara).
-0327?   Alexander captures Roxana, daughter of Oxyartes, and makes her his wife.
-0326 spring Alexander crosses the Indus into the Punjab at Ohind, 16 m. above Attock (according to Foucher).  He used a bridge built by Perdiccas and Hephaestion.
-0326 October   The Greek fleet prepared on the Hydaspes sets sail.  A land army moves along the bank.  Their destination is the mouth of the Indus River.
-0325 high summer Alexander reaches Patala.
-0325 October Alexander and a land force set out to travel along the coast of Baluchistan through the appalling sand-wastes of the Mekran.
-0325 winter Alexander's Indus fleet sails under the Greek Nearchus from the Indus mouth with the winter monsoon.
-0324 spring Alexander rests at Susa.  The task of conquering and compassing the Achaemenian realm has been achieved.
-0324 summer Alexander moves to the cooler region of Media.  On the way, the Macedonians mutiny at Opis, on the Tigris.
-0323 June 13 Alexander dies.  Roxana gives birth to the so-called ALEXANDER "AEGUS," a few months later.
-0323 Alexander dies in the old palace of Hammurabi, in Babylon.
-0323 Ptolemy Soter reigns in Egypt till -0285.
-0320 Ptolemy Lagi attacks Laemedon, dispossesses him of his government (Syria and Phoenicia), and attaches it to his own satrapy of Egypt.
-0320 Alexandria is made Egypt's capital.  It soon becomes the most    powerful and influential city in the region.
-0319 Antipater dies.  Roxana flees with her son to Epirus.  Then Polyperchon takes her to Macedonia with Olympias.  All three fall into the hands of Cassander (Justin xiv)
-0314 Antigonus attacks Ptolemy, who is forced to relinquish his conquests in Syria and Phoenicia.
-0310? Antigonus builds Antigonia Troas.  Early in the next century, Lysimachus renames it Alexandria Troas, in honour of Alexander.  Now it is called Eski Stambul.
-0310 Cassander (Justin xiv) orders Roxana's son put to death.
-0310? Seleucus is said by Strabo to have given to the Indian Sandrocottus (Chandragupta), in consequence of a marriage-contract, some part of the country west of the Indus occupied by an Indian population, and no doubt embracing a part of the Kabul basin.
-0309 Cassander (Justin xiv) orders Roxana put to death.
-0306 Q. Marcius Tremulus conquers Anagnia [mod. "Anagni").
-0304 The Latin colony of Alba Fucens is established.
-0304 ALBA FUCENS (mod. "Albe"), is occupied by a  Roman colony.
-0300 Tin bronzes begin to appear in westeran Asia.
-0300? Megasthenes describes the Punjab.
-0298 The latin colony of Carsioll is established.
-0293 The romans storm Amiternum, a town of the Sabines.
-0293 The worship of Aesculapius is introduced into Rome by order of the Sibylline books.
-0290? Seleucus re-peoples the ancient town of Thyateira with Macedonians.
-0288 Antigonus Gonatas dissolves the Achaean league.
-0287 Phoenicia once more passes under the dominion of Ptolemy Lagi.
-0285 Philadelphus rules Egypt till -0247.  His librarian is the celebrated Callimachus.  He buys up all Aristotle's collection of books, and also introduces a number of Jewish and Egyptian works.
-0285 End of the reign of Ptolemy I.
-0280 Four towns combine again to revive the Achean League.  Before long the ten surviving cities of Achaea have renewed their federation.
-0280 Aristarchus of Samos, one of the Alexandrian school, uses geometry to find the approximate distances to the sun and moon, and to determine their sizes.  He also shows that the stars must be very distant.  He has a correct understanding of the structure of the univers, but his views are rejected in favor of those of Ptolomy.
-0272 ALEXANDER II, king of Epirus, succeeds his father, Pyrrhus.
-0264 Rome and Carthage begin their first armed conflict.  It is for possession of Sicily.
-0263 The Romans establish a colony at AESERNIA (mod. "Isernia"), a Samnite town on the road from Beneventum to Corfinium.
-0263 Adranon is the first town taken by the Romans in the First Punic War.
-0261 The Romans sack Agrigentum in the First Punic War.
-0255 The Carthaginians sack Agrigentum in the First Punic War.
-0250? Diodotus (Theodotus), governor of Bactria under the Seleucidae, declares his independence, and commences the history of the Greco-Bactrian dynasties.
-0247 The Romans colonize ALSIUM (mod. "Palo"), an ancient town of Etruria.
-0247 Euergetes rules Egypt till -0222.  He largely increases the Library of Alexandria by seizing on the original editions of the dramatists laid up in the Athenian archives, and by compelling all travellers who arrived in Alexandria to leave a copy of any work they possess.
-0246 Chin Shu Huang Di takes power in China and begins work on his grave site.
-0241 C. Lutatius Catulus  defeats the Carthaginian fleet in the Aegales Insulae, a group of small mountainous islands off the western coast of Sicily.  This ends the First Punic War.
-0241 Rome destroys the Etruscan civilization of old Falerii. for its rebellion.
-0228 Aratus expands the Achaean League to comprise Arcadia, Argolis, Corinth and Aegina.
-0221 Chin Shu Huang Di becomes emperor of China.  He unifies China, and standardizes currency, the writing system, weights, measures, and axle widths.  He builds the first version of the Great Wall.  His reign lasts until -0210.
-0221 Chin bronze-age dynasty begins and lasts until -0207.  This is the first dynasty to unite the empire.
-0221 The Chin dynasty rules in Shan Shi Province until -0207.
-0221 End of the "warring-states" period in China.
-0219 Antiochus III drives the Egyptians out of Seleucia, the port of Antioch, and being joined by Theodotus, the Egyptian governor of the C lesyrian province, invades that country and Ph nicia, takes possession of Tyre and Accho, which is now called Ptolema s, and threatens Egypt with subjugation.
-0218 Hannibal crosses the Pyrenees with 50 thousand foot soldiers, 9 thousand mounted men, and 37 elephants.
-0216 Hannibal's Carthaginians defeat the Romans at Cannae, in southeastern Italy.
-0216 Hannibal destroys Ascerra.
-0216 Hannibal defeats a Roman army at the battle of Cannae.  Over 70 thousand men are killed.  Hannibal is master of Italy.
-0210 The Romans sack Agrigentum in the Second Punic War.
-0210 Acerra is restored.
-0207 Abnormally small tree-ring growth.
-0206 Start of the Han bronze-age dynasty in China.  Dynasty lasts until 0220.
-0206 The Western Han Dynasty rules Shan Shi Province until 0009.
-0203 Scipio crosses to Africa.
-0202 Ptolemy Philadelphus issues an edict prohibiting the exportation of papyrus from Egypt.
-0202 Hannibal is defeated at the battle of Zama.
-0200? Onyx beads from the west coast of India appear in Halmaheira.
-0200? Dongson "moko" kettledrums disappear from the Malay Archipelago.
-0200? Eratosthenes founds scientific geography.
-0198 Antiochus defeats Scopas.  Sidon surrenders, Phoenicia and C lesyria pass into the permanent possession of the Seleucids.
-0197 The romans defeat the Greeks at the battle of Cynoscephalae, or "Dogs' Heads," in central Thessaly.
-0196 Eratosthenes starves himself to death to escape the miseries of blindness.
-0190?   Demetrius is supposed to have reigned in Arachosia after being expelled from Bactria, much as, at a later date, Baber reigned in Kabul after his expulsion from Samarkand.
-0190 Lucius Scipio, a brother of the Scipio who defeated Hannibal at Zama, is sent to Asia Minor.  He destroys the armies of Antiochus III near Magnesia.  Shortly afterwards, Antiochus III is lynched by his own people.  His guest, Hannibal takes poison and kills himself.  Asia Minor becomes a Roman protectorate.
-0187 Roman consul M. Aemilius Lepidus constructs the Aemilia Via, or Aemilian Way, A highroad of Italy, from Ariminum to Placentia.
-0181 Eucratides is alleged by Justin to have warred in India.
-0180 Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus captures Alce, in Spain.
-0165? Simon Maccabaeus defeats the Syrians in many battles in Galilee, and drives them into Ptolemais.
-0165 Epiphanes drives the Jews into rebellion by a most cruel religious persecution.  He commands Lysias to erase the Jewish identity.  Lysias marches against Judaea with a large army, and is routed by the Jews.  Phoenician merchants who had accompanied him in hopes of buying Jewish slaves fled for their lives, leaving their money to the victorious Jews.
-0164 Lysias puts Menelaus, the fomenter of war with the Asmoneans, to death in Beroea "as the manner is in that place," being thrown into a lofty tower full of cinders.
-0164 The Macabes conquer Jerusalem.
-0157 Han Jing Di, fourth emperor of the Western Han, rules until -0141.
-0153? Alexander Balas, son of Antiochus Epiphanes, contesting the Syrian crown with Demetrius, seizes Acre, which opens its gates to him.
-0150 ALEXANDER BALAS defeats the reigning king Demetrius Soter.  Now undisputed master of Syria, he abandones himself to a life of debauchery.
-0150? The Medrassen is built.  It is a monument similar to the Kubr-er-Rumia, but older.  It is the burial-place of the Numidian kings.  It is situated 35 m.  S.W. of Constantine.
-0150 Carthage is burned.
-0150 Jonathan (Macabes?) throws in his lot with Alexander.  Alexander receives him with great honour in Ptolemais.
-0150? Attalus II of Pergamum founds   Philadelphia.
-0148 The Romans construct the Via Postumia.
-0147 Under Heliocles, the Parthians, who have already encroached on Ariana, press their conquests into India.
-0146 Carthage falls to Rome.
-0146 Scipio captures Carthage.
-0133 The Annals are discontinued.
-0126 Menander, a Parthian, invades India at least to the Jumna, and perhaps also to the Indus delta.
-0126?The Greco-Bactrian dynasties succumb to Parthian and nomadic movements.  Affter this comes a Buddhist era which has left its traces in the gigantic sculptures at Bamian and the rock-cut topes of Haibak.
-0126 Scythian invaders overrun Bactria.  The chief nation among these is called "Yue-Chi" by the Chinese.
-0123 The Roman consul Sextius Calvinus founds Aix ("Aquae Sextiae"), and gives his name to its springs.
-0123 The Romans subjugate Salluvii.
-0121 August 8 Q. Fabius Maximus defeats the Allobroges at the junction of the Rhodanus and Isara.  The Romans attacked them because they gave shelter to Salluvii King Tutomotulus, and refused to surrender him.
-0109 Roman censor M. Aemillus Scaurus constructs the Aemilia Via from Vada Volaterrana and Luna to Vada Sabatia and thence over the Apennines to Ilertona (Tortona), where it joins the Via Postumia from Genua to Cremona.
-0106 The Jugurthine war.  After this, the whole of the "regio Tripolitana," comprising Leptis Magna (Lebda), Oea (Tripoli), Sabrata, and the other towns on the littoral of the two Syrtes, appears to have been annexed to the Roman province in a more or less regular manner.
-0103 ALEXANDER JANNAEUS, king of the Jews, succeeds his brother, Aristobulus.  His first act is to murder one of his brothers who claims the throne, and his reign is disgraced by the cruelties that he perpetrates in order to retain his position.  He dies in 76 B.C.
-0102 The neighborhood of  Aix is the scene of the defeat inflicted on the Cimbri and Teutones by Marius.
-0100 Marinus of Tyre, founder of mathematical geography.
-0096 Heracleon makes himself a principality in Beroea, where he was born.  He was the court favourite and murderer of Antiochus Grypus.
-0090 Ascerra serves as Roman headquarters in the Social war, and is successfully held against the insurgents.
-0088 Mithridates, king of Pontus, murders all the Roman men, women, and children he can find in Turkey.
-0083 The subjects of the Seleucid Kingdom invite Tigranes, king of neighbouring Armenia, to step in and undertake the government of the country, and he does so.
-0082 Sulla becomes dictator of Rome until -0081.
-0080 Sulla recovers the Roman colony at AESERNIA at the end of the Italian revolt.
-0079 Herculaneum is partially destroyed.
-0069 The Romans under Lucullus attack and depose Tigranes.  He is succeeded by the last Seleucid prince, Antiochus Asiaticus.
-0067 Pompey completely destroys all pirate fleets in the Mediterranian, attacking them in their lairs, and clearing them out from every spot where they have established themselves. Sea voyages become once more as safe as travels by land.  This made life much easier for the Phoenicians.   commerce had been preyed upon to an enormous extent by these pirate fleets.  Issuing from the creeks and harbours of Western Cilicia and Pamphylia, they had spread terror on every side and made the navigation of the Levant and  gean as dangerous as it had been in the days before Minos.
-0065 Pompey's pursues Mithradates the Great.
-0065 After Mithradates' fall, Pompey makes Amasia a free city.
-0065 The Romans depose the last Seleucid prince, Antiochus Asiaticus.  The Seleucid kingdom becomes a Roman province named Syria ruled by a proconsul whose title is "Pr ses Syri ."  It extends from the flanks of Amanus and Taurus to Carmel and the sources of the Jordan, including Phoenicia.  But the towns of Tripolis, Sidon, and Tyre are allowed the position of "free cities," which secured them an independent municipal government, under their own freely elected council and chief magistrates.
-0063 Rome conquers Palestine.
-0062 Pompey (Gnaeus Pompeius) returns to Rome with a dozen ship-loads of defeated Kings Princes and Generals, all of whom are forced to march in a triumphal procession through Rome.
-0060 Caius Julius, emperor of the Romans, attacks Brittain with 80 ships.
-0060 -   - 54 Caesar conquers Gaul; visits Britain, Switzerland, and Germany.
-0059 Julius Caesar orders the keeping and publishing of the acts of the people by public officers.  This is the origin of the Acta, which served as a kind of newspaper in the Roman Empire for some centuries.
-0059 C. Scribonius Curio constructs The first amphitheatre to be built in Rome.
-0055 August Julius Caesar comes to Britain with 100 warships and two legions comprising 10 thousand men. As he approaches Dover's white cliffs, spear-wielding Celtic warriors line up along the ridge, prompting the Roman leader to look for a better landing spot.  He orders his fleet to move along the coast, and after travelling about seven miles they come to "an open and flat shore".
-0055 CAESAR crosses the English Channel to England.  He is said to be the earliest explorer of northwestern Europe, and to have conquered England.
-0054 winter Ambiorix joins Catuvolcus in rising against the Roman forces under Q. Titurius Sabinus and I. Aurunculeius Cotta, and almost annihilates them.  He is prince of Eburones, a tribe of Belgian Gaul.  He finds safety across the Rhine.
-0053 Crassus carries out a great attack upon Parthia.  This bitterly exasperates the Parthians, who then inflict severe sufferings upon Rome's allies, subjects, and dependencies.
-0052 Caesar besieges the Gaulish national leader, Vercingetorix, at alesia, a hill in central France.  He uses enormous entrenchments, and forces Vercingetorix to surrender.
-0049 Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicond and declares himself emperror of Rome.
-0047 Julius Caesar defeats the Britons near London.
-0046? Julius Caesar returns to Rome with Cleopatra.  On the 15th of March he is murdered as he tries to enter the senate.
-0044 Abnormally small tree-ring growth.
-0044 Julius Caesar is murdered at a meeting of the senate.  Augustus is 19.
-0043 After the raising of the siege of AIutina,  Decimus Brutus succeeds in occupying Pollentia just before Mark Antony's cavalry comes in sight.
-0041 Caligula is assassinated.
-0040 The Parthian prince, Pacorus, son of Orodes, crosses the Euphrates in force, defeats the Romans under Decidius Saxa, and carries fire and sword over the whole of the Syrian presidency.  He takes Apamea and Antioch, then marches into Phoenicia, ravages the open country, and compels all the towns, except Tyre, to surrender.  He also occupies Palestine and takes Jerusalem.
-0037? The Roman, Ventidius reoccupies Syria and drives the Parthians back across the Euphrates.
-0036 Anthony agrees to make over the government of Palestine and of C lesyria, as far as the river Eleutherus, to Cleopatra.  Despite her earnest entreaties, he exempts the cities of Tyre and Sidon.  He writes more than one letter to the "Magistates, Council, and People of Tyre," in which he recognises them as "allies" rather than "subjects" of the Roman people.
-0032 Cleopatra deposits the 200 thousand Pergamus volumes received from Mark Anthony in the Serapion library of Alexandria.
-0031 September 2 Octavian defeats Mark Antony at Actium. The fire from the ships consumes the library of Bruchion, with its four hundred thousand volumes.  The library of Serapion, with 300 thousand volumes (and probably another 200 thousand Phrygian volumes presented by Mark Anthony to Cleopatra)survives.
-0031 Octavius gives up Numidia, or Africa Nova, to King Juba II.
-0030? Virgil publishes his "Georgics."
-0029 Augustus returns to a war-torn Rome.  He becomes Rome's first emperor.
-0028 Augustus banishes Anaxilaus from Rome.  Anaxilaus is of Larissa, a physician and Pythagorean philosopher.  He is banished on the charge of practising the magic art.  This accusation appears to have originated in his superior skill in natural philosophy, by which he produced effects that the ignorant attributed to magic.
-0026 Augustus gives Mauretania and some Gaetulian districts to Juba.  He receives Numidia in exchange.  Numidia thus reverts to direct Roman control.-0046  The battle of Thapsus makes the Romans the masters of Numidia, and the spheres of administration are clearly marked out.
-0024? The Romans capture Attanae, (Arabia Felix) which is now Aden.
-0023 The senate votes Augustus absolute ruler at the instigation of the mob.
-0020 C. Statilius Taurus builds the first permanent amphitheatre.  Probably the shell only is of stone.  It is burnt in the great fire of A.D. 64.
-0020 Herod the Great begins to rebuild the temple of Solomon.
-0020 Augustus visits Phoenicia. He chooses to profess himself deeply aggrieved by the preference the Phoenicians have shown for his rival, Anthony, and enslaves Tyre and Sidon.
-0020 Strabo describes the Roman Empire. First mention of Thule and Ireland.
-0019 Rome makes its final conquest of Spain.
-0012? (before 12bc) Agrippa compiles a _Mappa Mundi_, the foundation of all succeeding ones.
-0002 Augustus restores the Aemilia Via from Ariminum to the river Trebia.
0003 Herod stabs himself to death, and Archelaus, his son, succeeds him.  Jesus is brought back from Egypt.
0004 There is a partial solar eclipse.  The Tiberius floods.  Crops fail.
0006 Roman soldiers refuse to reenlist without a pay raise.  Fire breaks out in Rome.
0009 Three of Augustus' legions are annihilated in the Teutoburg Wood.
0011 Herod the son of Antipater assumes the government of Judea.
0012 Philip and Herod divide Judea into four kingdoms or tetrarchies.
0014 Augustus dies.  Tiberius replaces him.
0016 Tiberius becomes emperor in Rome.
0016 Germanicus makes a voyage through the river Ems to the Northern Ocean where he is overtaken by a storm.
0017 Greek sea captain Hippolus discovers monsoon winds between the red sea and India.
0025 The old western Han family sets up the Eastern Han Dynasty, which rules until 0220.
0026 Pilate becomes governor of Judea.
0026 Tiberius leaves Rome for Capri to devote himself to depravity.
0031 Tiberius sours on Sejanus and embraces Caligula.  He calls him to Capri, and sends a message to the senate condemning Sejanus, who is strangled and thrown into the Tiber.
0033 The Romans crucify Jesus at Jerusalem.
0034 Saul is converted to Christianity, and becomes the Apostle Paul.
0037 Pilate commits suicide.
0039 Vespasian builds the Colosium.
0039 The Jews are slaughtered in Egypt.
0041 Caligula is murdered.  Claudius becomes emperor.
0041 The Christian Gospel is preached in Phoenicia.
0042 Claudius becomes emperor in Rome.
0044 About the feast of the Passover, Agrippa orders James the elder, the son of Zebedee and brother of John the evangelist, to be seized and put to death.  He proceeded also to lay hands on Peter and imprisoned him.
0044 Herod Agrippa, grandson of Herod the Great, receives an embassy from Tyre and Sidon at Ceasarea.  He "makes an oration" to the ambassadors, with whom he is highly offended.   He is threatening them with war, while they "desire peace."
0044 Peter settles an episcopal see at Rome.  Herod kills James, the brother of John.
0045 Herod dies.
0046 Claudius comes to Britain.  He is the second Roman emperor to invade.  He subdues a large part of the island.  He also adds the island of Orkney, or the Orkneys, to the dominion of the Romans.  The great famin, mentioned by Luke in "The Acts of the Apostles," takes place in Syria.
0047 Mark, missionary to Egypt, begins to write his gospel.
0047 Claudius invades Brittain with an army, and subdues the island, and subjects all the Picts and Welsh to the rule of the Romans.
0050 Paul is sent to Rome in bonds.
0057 Nero raises a wooden amphitheater.
0057 The Apostle, Paul, lands at Tyre on his way home from his third missionary journey to find Christians making an open confession of their faith.
0062 James, brother of Jesus, is killed.
0063 Mark, missionary to Egypt, dies.
0064 There is a great fire in Rome.
0064 Josephus goes to Rome.
0065 Funeral rites for Nero's wife, Poppaea, require a year's supply of cinnamon.
0066 The great Jewish revolt breaks out in Jerusalem.
0066 Anti-Roman anger explodes in a Jewish revolt.  The empire comes down hard.  Rome sends legions to crush the rebels.
0067 Summer The fortress of Jotapata falls.  Josephus is captured by Vespasian.
0069 Vespasian becomes emperor in Rome.
0069 Peter and Paul are killed.
0069 Vespasian gives Josephus his freedom.
0070 Roman emperor Titus destroys the second temple in Jerusalem.  The Jews are dispersed.
0070 Vespasian becomes emperor in Rome.
0071 Titus, son of Vespasian, slaughters 1.1 million Jews in Jerusalem.
0074 During Easter, the Northumbrians banish their king, Alred, from York.  To replace him, they choose Ethelred, the son of Mull.  A red crucifix appears in the heavens after sunset.  The Mercians and the men of Kent fight at Otford.  Wonderful serpents are seen in the land of the South Saxons.
0077 Pliny the Elder publishes    his "Natural History."
0078 Wales is completely conquered by the Romans.
0079 August An eruption of Mt.  Vesuvius buries Herculaneum and Pompei in ashes.
0080 Titus inaugurates the "Amphitheatrum Flavium" (known at least since the 8th century as the Colosseum) with shows lasting 100 days.  It was begun by Vespasian on the site of an artificial lake included in the Golden House of Nero.
0081 Titus becomes emperor in Rome.
0083 Domitian, brother of Titus, becomes emperor in Rome.
0084 John writes the book of Revelation on Patmos.
0090 Simon, the apostle, a relation of Jesus, is crucified.  John the evangelist rests at Ephesus.
0092 Pope Clement dies.
0095? The Chinese first use old pieces of woven hemp to make paper.
0100 Turkeys are domesticated in Mexico.
0100 Trajan restores the Aemilia Via bridge across the Sillaro.
0105 The Romans build a magnificent bridge over the Tagus northwest of AlcVntara, western Spain, in honour of the Roman emperor, Trajan.  It is constructed entirely of granite blocks without cement.  It consists of six arches of various sizes.  It is 616 feet long, and about 190 feet high.
0110 Bishop Ignatius is killed.
0116 Hadrian the Caesar becomes emperor in Rome.
0131 Roman emperor Hadrian builds the city, AELIA CAPITOLINA, on the site of Jerusalem.  It is occupied by a Roman colony.
0145 Marcus Antoninus and Aurelius his brother become the emperors of Rome.
0150 Ptolemy publishes his geography.
0151 Ptolemy (the geographer) makes his last observation.
0166 Plague strikes Rome.
0167 Eleutherius becomes pope.  Lucius, king of the Britons, sends to beg baptism, and Eleutherius grants it.  The Romans send a legation to Briton.  king Lucius and all the chiefs of the British people receive baptism.
0179 A fortress is built at Regensberg, on the Danube in Germany.
0189 Severus becomes emperor at Rome.  He invades Brittain, and subdues a great part of the island.  Then he builds a wall straight across the island for the defense of the Britons.
0192 The Chams rebel against the Han Chinese and establish the Austronesian kingdom of Champa.
0195 Septimius Severus fights the Osrhoenians.
0199 The holy rood is found.
0214 Severus dies at York.  His son, Bassianus, becomes emperor of Rome.
0215 Emperor Caracalla visits Alexandria.  In order to repay some insulting satires that the inhabitants have made upon him, he commands his troops to put to death all youths capable of bearing arms.  This brutal order seems to be carried out even beyond the letter, for a general massacre is the result.  Notwithstanding this terrible disaster, Alexandria soon recovers its former splendour, and for some time longer is esteemed the first city of the world after Rome.
0220 The period of the three kingdoms begins in China.
0220 End of the Han dynasty in China.
0230 The Peutinger Table pictures the Roman roads.
0231 Origen, chief representative and supporter of science in the Church, is compelled to abandon his charge in Alexandria, and retire to Caesarea.
0250? The Maya classic period begins.
0275? Funan (Cambodia) gains supremacy over the Gulf of Thailand and the South China Sea, forcing Malay-speaking navigation eastward through the Strait of Makassar and the Philippines.  The Khmer word, "perak" or "pirak," supplants "eslaka" in western Indonesia.
0283 Saint Alban the Martyr is killed
0290 Diocletian decrees the destruction of books about alchemy.
0300? Malay speaking negrito seafarers visiting the coasts of China begin to appear in Chinese records.
0302 - 0303 TChristian soldiers in some of the Roman legions refuse to join in the time-honored winter solemnities for propitiating the gods.
0323 - 0337 Reign of Constantine.
0330 Constantine moves the capital of the Roman Empire to Byzantium and calls it Constantinople.
0335 Tyre is the seat of a synod or council, called to consider charges made against the great Athanasius, who is accused of cruelty, impiety, and the use of magical arts.
0342 The Yen Chinese invade Koguryo.
0343 St.  Nicolaus dies.
0349-0361 Bhadravarman is king of Champa.
0350 Shapur (Sapor) II, Sassanid king of Persia, founds Anbar, originally called FIRUZ SHAPUR, or PERISAPORA.
0354 Constantius restores the  walls, forum, harbour, etc. of Albenga (the ancient "Album Ingaunum" or "Albingaunum").
0363 Julian marches eastward.
0363 Emperor Julian captures and destroys Anbar.
0372 Koguryo officially adopts Buddhism as state religion.
0378 Roman emperor Valens is killed by the Goths near Adrianople.
0379 Gratian becomes emperor of Rome.
0381 Maximus becomes emperor of Rome.  He was born in Brittain.
0386 Northern Weh dynasty in China, lasts until 0534.
0387? Armenia is divided between Persia and Byzantium, the greater part falling to the former, who discourages Greek and favoured Syriac, which the Christian Armenians did not understand.
0389 The Library of Alexandria is disgracefully pillaged under the rule of the Christian bishop, Theophilus, acting on Theodosius' decree concerning pagan monuments.
0390? The Christianized roman senate confiscates ancient literature from Italy, Greece, and other regions.  This body of material is later burned.
0391 Kwang-gae-to becomes the 19th ruler of Koguryo at the age of 18.
0394 Roman emperor Theodosius crushes the usurper, Eugeniuse.  Alaric serves as a general of "fmederati" (Gothic irregulars) in this campaign.
0395 - 0396 Alaric invades Greece.
0395 Rome relinquishes control over Palestine to the Byzantine empire.
0395 Roman emperor Theodosius dies leaving the empire to be divided between his imbecile sons, Arcadius and Honorius, the former taking the eastern and the latter the western portion, and each under the control of a minister who bitterly hates the minister of the other.
0400? Polynesians reach the coasts of north and south America and Easter Island.
0400 Koguryo helps Silla defeat and expel a Japanese invasion army.
0400? Alaric makes his first invasion of Italy with another Gothic chieftain named Radagaisus.
0400 - 14. Fa - hien travels through and describes Afghanistan and India.
0402 The Emperor of Rome flees to Ravenna, a strongly fortified seaport.
0402 April 6, Easter Day, Stilicho battles Alaric at Pollentia (a Roman municipality in what is now Piedmont).  Rome gains a costly victory.
0403? Alaric quits Italy.
0404 Honorius suppresses Gladiatorial shows.
0404 Koguryo smashes an allied    army of Baikje and Japan.
0408 September After crossing the Julian Alps, Alaric stands before the walls of Rome, now with no capable general like Stihcho to defend her.  He begins a strict blockade.
0409 Alaric institutes a second siege and blockade of Rome.  He comes to terms with the senate, and with their consent sets up a rival emperor (rivaling Honorius) and invests the prefect of the city, a Creek named Attalus, with the diadem and the purple robe.
0410 August 24 Alaric and his Goths burst into Rome by the Salarian gate on the north-east of the city, and she who was of late the mistress of the world lay at the feet of the barbarians.
0410 Alaric the Visigoth requires 10 thousand pounds of pepper as a ransom from Rome.
0410 Alaric, King of the Western Goths, destroys Rome.
0412 Alaric begins to extract 200 pounds of pepper as an annual tribute from Rome.
0414 A gigantic epitaph is erected for Koguryo king Kwang-gae-to in Jirin, China.
0414 Peter the Reader clubs the female philosopher Hypatia to death in a church in Alexandria.  This ends the age of scientific inquiry begun by the Ptolomies.
0418 The Romans collect all the gold in Brittain.  Some of this they bury, and some they take to Gaul.
0423 Theodosius the younger becomes emperor of Rome.
0429 Pope Celesrinus sends Bishop Palladius to the Scots to convert them.
0430 Pope Celestinus sends Patricius (St.  Patrick) to preach baptism to the Scots.
0435 The Goths sack Rome, putting an end to Roman rule in Brittain.
0443 The Britons send to Rome for assistance against the Picts.  The Romans cannot help because they are at war with Atila the Hun.  The Britons then send to the Angles requesting the same from the nobles of that nation.
0444 St.  Martin dies.
0449 Vortigern (or Wurtgern), king of the Britons, sends to the Angles for help against the Picts.  Hengest and Horsa respond.  They arrive at Wippidsfleet (Ipwinesfleet) in three ceols.  The king directs them to fight against the Picts.  They do so, and obtain victory whereever they go.  Then they send to the Angles describing the worthlessness of the Britons, and the richness of the land.  The Angles respond with more support.
0449 Marcian and Valentinian become emperors of Rome.
0451 Merovech, one of the earliest kings of the Franks, helps the Romans in the battle of the Catalaunian fields, where they defeat the Huns near Chalons-sur-Marne in France.
0452 Attila destroys ALTINUM (mod. Altino).  Its inhabitants take refuge in the islands of the lagoons, forming settlements from which Venice eventually springs.
0455 Hengest and Horsa battle Wurtgern at Aylesford.  Horsa is killed.
0457 Hengest and his son, Esc, fight the Britons at Crayford.  They kill four thousand men.  The Britons forsake Kent, and flee to London in great consternation.
0465 Hengest and Esc fight with the Welsh near Wippedfleet.  They kill twelve Welsh leaders and lose a thane named Wipped.
0471 An eruption of Mt.  Vesuvius completely destroys Herculaneum and Pompei.  Ashes fall over a great portion of Europe.
0473 Hengest and Esc fight with the Welsh, and take immense Booty.  The Welsh flee the English like fire.
0475 Odoacer, commander of a regiment of the German mercenaries, who wanted the farms of Italy to be divided among themselves, gently but effectively pushed Romulus Augustulus, the last of the Roman emperors who ruled the western division from his throne, and proclaimed himself Patriarch or ruler of Rome.
0476 Zeno, the Isaurian, burns 120 thousand volumes in the city of Constantinople.
0476 Rome ceases to exist.
0477 Ella and his three sons, Cymen, Wlenking, and Cissa, land in three ships at Cymenshore.  They kill many Welsh there, and drive others into the wood called Andred'sley.
0485 ALARIC II succeeds his father, Euric (Evaric).  He is eighth king of the Goths in Spain.  His dominions include the whole of Spain except its north-western corner, and Aquitaine and the greater part of Provence.
0485 Ella fights with the Welsh near Mecred's Burnsted.
0488 Esc ascends the throne of Kent, and rules for twenty-four winters.
0490 Ella and Cissa besiege the city of Andred, and kill every Briton inside.
0495 Cerdic and his son, Cynric, arrive in Britain with five ships at a place called Cerdic's Ore.  They fight with the Welsh the same day.
0496 The Francs defeat the Alemanni.
0499 Hoei - Sin said to have visited the kingdom of Fu - sang, 20,000 furlongs east of China (identified by some with California).
0500? Honeybees are domesticated in Europe.
0501 Porta and his two sons, Beda and Mela, arrive with two ships off Portsmouth.  They soon land, and kill a young Briton of very high rank on the spot.
0507 Clovis (King of the Franks) meets Alaric II in battle at   the Campus Vogladensis, near Poitiers.  The Goths are defeated.  Alaric II takes flight.  He is overtaken and killed, it is said, by Clovis himself.
0508 Cerdic and Cynric kill a British king named Natanleod and five thousand men.
0509 St.  Benedict dies.
0514 the West Saxons enter Britain with three ships at Cerdic's Ore.  Stuff and Wihtgar fight the Britons, and put them to flight.
0518 -  21. Hoei - Sing and Sung - Yun visit and describe the Pamirs and the Punjab.
0519 Cerdic and Cynric become the kings of the West Saxons.  They fight the Britons at Charford, and set up the West Saxon dynasty.
0527 Cerdic and Cynric fight the Britons at Cerdic's Ley.
0528 June 21 At 12:03pm gmt the only total eclipse of the sun in the first half of the sixth century in England occurs (according to Mark Twain).
0529 Justinian closes the Museum of Alexandria.
0529 Sambhuvarman (Fan Fan Tche) is crowned    king of Champa.
0530 Cerdic and Cynric take the isle of Wight, and kill many men in Carisbrook.  This they give to their two nephews, Stuff and Wihtgar.
0534 Cerdic, the first king of the West  Saxons, dies.  Cynric succeeds him, and rules for 26 winters.
0535 There is apparently a very violent eruption of Krakatau, in Indonesia.
0536 Abnormally small tree-ring growth.  This date is not corroborated by an acid layer in Greenland ice cores.
0538 the sun is eclipsed fourteen days before the calends (day of the new moon) of March, from before morning until nine.
0540 The sun is eclipsed on the twelfth day before the calends of July, and the stars show themselves untill nearly 9:30.
0540 The Persians raid Beroea (now Aleppo).
0540 Abnormally small tree-ring growth.
0540 Cosmas Indicopleustes visits India, and combats the sphericity of the globe.
0542 Justinian's Plague breaks out.  It lasts about 50 years and kills about 100 million people.
0544 Wihtgar dies, and is buried at Carisbrook.
0547 Ida begins his reign, and rules the Northumbrians for twelve years.
0550? Two Persian monks, who have long resided in China, and made themselves acquainted with the mode of rearing the silkworm, succeed in carrying the eggs of the insect to Constantinople.
0551 The old Phoenician town of Berytus is completely demolished by an earthquake.
0552 Cynric puts the Britons to flight at Sarum.
0556 Cynric and Ceawlin fight the Britons at Beranbury.
0560? aTHELBERHT, king of Kent, son of Eormenric, comes to the throne.
0560 Ceawlin ascends the West Saxon throne.  Ida dies.  Ella ascends the Northumbrian throne.
0565 Columba the presbyter comes among the Britons from the Scots to instruct the Picts.  He builds a monastery in the island of Hii.
0568 Ceawlin and his brother, Cutha, fight Ethelbert, and pursue him into Kent.  They kill two aldermen, Oslake and Cnebba, at Wimbledon.
0570-0571 Smallpox breaks out in Arabia.
0571 Cuthulf fights the Britons at Bedford, and takes the towns of Lenbury, Aylesbury, Benson, and Ensham.  Cuthulf dies.
0573 According to legend, two Mon princess from Thaton found Pegu.
0577 Cuthwin and Ceawlin fight the Britons.  They kill Commail, Condida, and Farinmail, three kings, at Derham, taking from them the cities of Gloucester, Cirencester, and Bath.
0581 summer, Mohammed (Halibi), aged 12, arrives in Bozrah.  He is in the company of his uncle, Abou Taleb, who is leading a camel caravan from Mecca.  They are hospitably received and entertained at the Nestorian convent, where Mohammed meets Bahira, one of the monks.  Bahira spares no pains to secure Mohammed's conversion from the idolatry in which he has been brought up.
0581 the Swi dynasty gains power in China.
0583 Mauricius becomes emperor of Rome.
0584 Ceawlin and Cutha fight the Britons at Fretherne.  There Cutha is killed, but Ceawlin takes many towns, as well as immense booty and wealth.  He then retreats to his own people.
0588 Ella dies.  Ethelric ascends the throne, and rules five years.
0590 or 0592 Gregory becomes pope.  By the time he leaves office, all of western Europe has come to recognize the Pope as head of the church.
0590 Chosroes, the lawful heir to the Persian throne, is compelled to seek refuge in the Byzantine Empire.  He obtains the aid of the Emperor Maurice.
0591 A great slaughter of Britons takes place at Wanborough.  Ceawlin is driven from his kingdom, and Ceolric reigns for six years.
0593 Athelfrith, king of Northumbria, is said to have come to the throne in this year.
0593 Ceawlin, Cwichelm, and Cryda die.  Ethelfrith ascends the Northumbrian throne.
0595 Mohammed marries a spice-rich widow.
0596 Pope Gregory sends Augustine to Britain with very many monks to preach the word of God to the English people.
0597 Augustine and his companions arrive in England.  Ceolwulf ascends the West Saxon throne, and constantly fights and conquers the Angles, Welsh, Picts, and Scots.
0600 The Moche culture dies out in South America.
0601 Pope Gregory sends the pall (pallium?) to Archbishop Augustine in Britain, with very many learned doctors to assist him.  Bishop Paulinus converts Edwin, king of the Northumbrians, to baptism.
0603 Aethan (or Aeden), King of Scots, fights the Dalreathians (Dalreods) and Ethelfrith, king of the North Umbrians, at Daegsanstane (Dawston?).  There Theodbald, Ethelfrith's brother, and all his band are killed, but Aethan  loses almost all his army.
0604 Augustine consecrates Bishops Mellitus and Justus.  Ethelbert gives Mellitus the bishopric of London, and Justus the bishopric of Rochester.
0605 General Liu Fang of the Sui dynasty invades Champa and takes the capital.
0606 Pope Gregory dies.
0607 Ceolwulf fights the South Saxons.  Ethelfrith leads his army to Chester, where he kills an innumerable number of Welsh.  The Welsh leader, Brocmail, escapes with about 50 men.  This is seen as the fulfillment of the prophecy of Augustine, who said, "If the Welsh will not have peace with us, they shall perish at the hands of the Saxons."
0610? Sui Emperor Yang-ti invades Koguryo with more than one million men.
0611 Cynegils ascends the Wessex throne, and rules for 31 winters.
0611 Chosroes II occupies Beroea (now Aleppo).
0612 Koguryo General Ulchi Mundok holds key fortresses against Yang-ti's army and navy for several months and destroys the Sui troops in retreat. An ambush at Salsu (Ch'ongch'ongang River) kills all but 2,700 Sui troops out of 300 thousand men sent to capture Pyongyang.
0612 A Su army of  over one million men (about 1,113,800) invades Koguryo.
0613 Emperor Yang-ti leads an army to invade Koguryo but fails again.  In his absence, his political enemies rise up and Yang-ti is forced to return to China.  The Koguryo army inflicts heavy losses on the retreating Chinese troops.
0614 Cynegils and Cwichelm fight at Bampton, and kill 2,046 Welsh.
0616 Ethelbert dies.  He was the first English king to be baptized.  His son, Eadbald, succeeds him on the Kentish throne.  Eadbald renounces his baptism, lives in a heathen manner, and marries his father's widow.  Laurentius, archbishop of Kent, persuades him to return to Christianity.
0616 February 2 Laurentius dies, and is buried near Augustine.  He was archbishop in Kent after Augustine.
0617 Redwald, king of the East Angles, kills Ethelfrith, king of the Northumbrians.  Edwin, son of Ella, ascends the Northumbrian throne.  Edwin subdues all of Britain except for Kent.  He drives out the Ethelings, the sons of Ethelfrith, namely Enfrid, Oswald, Oswy, Oslac, Oswood, Oslaf, and Offa.
0618 Sui falls to T'ang.
0618 The Tong dynasty of China lasts until 0907.
0622 Mohammed flees Mecca for Medina.  This event is called the "hegira."
0624 Archbishop Mellitus dies.
0625 on the twelfth day before the calends of August, Archbishop Justus invests (consecrates) Paulinus bishop of the Northumbrians.
0625? The kings of Champa send delegations to the court of the    recently established Tang Dynasty asking to become vassals of    the Chinese court.
0626 Penda, aged 50, ascends the throne, and rules for 30 winters.
0626 on the eve of Pentecost, Eanfleda is baptized.
0626 Eamer arrives from Cwichelm, king of the West Saxons, with orders to assassinate King Edwin.  He kills Lilla, Edwin's thane, and Forthere, and wounds Edwin.  The same night a daughter, Eanfleda, is born to King Edwin.  Edwin promises to devote his daughter to God if Paulinus can get God to help him destroy Cwichelm.  Edwin advances against the West Saxons with an army, fells five kings on the spot, and kills many of their men.
0627 A Roman abbot, Dionysius Exiguus, or Dennis the Less, fixes the vulgar era and gives Europe its present Christian chronology.
0627 Pope Honorius succeeds Pope Boniface, and sends Paulinus the pall.
0627 November 10 Archbishop Justus dies.  Paulinus consecrates Honorius Archbishop of Canterbury at Lincoln, and Pope Honorius sends him the pall.
0627 April 12, Easter, Paulinus baptizes King Edwin and all his people at York.  There Edwin had given Paulinus the bishopric and built a wooden church, which had been hallowed in the name of St.  Peter.  Edwin later orders a larger church to be built there of stone.
0628 Cynegils and Cwichelm fight with Penda at Cirencester, after which they enter into a treaty there.
0629 -  46. Hiouen - Tshang travels through Turkestan, Afghanistan, India, and the Pamirs.
0632 Orpwald is baptized.
0632 June 7 Mohammed dies suddenly of a fever.
0633 October 14 Cadwalla and Penda kill Edwin and his son, Osfrid, on Hatfield moor.  Then they ravage all the land of the Northumbrians.  Paulinus takes Ethelburga, the widow of Edwin, by ship to Kent.  Eadbald and Honorius receive him very honourably, and give him the bishopric of Rochester, where he continues till his death.
0634 Osric, whom Paulinus baptized, becomes ruler of Deira.  He is the son of Elfric, uncle of Edwin.  Eanfrith, son of Ethelfrith, succeeds to the throne of Bernicia.  Pope Honorius orders Bishop Birinus to preach baptism to the West Saxons, then under King Cynegils.  This is the first time baptism has ever been preached to the West Saxons.  Birinus remains bishop there to the end of his life.  Oswald succeeds to the Northumbrian throne, and reigns for nine winters.
0635 Bishop Birinus baptizes King Cynegils at Dorchester.  Oswald, king of the Northumbrians, is his sponsor.
0636 King Cwichelm is baptized at Dorchester, and dies the same year.  Bishop Felix preaches to the East Angles.
0638 The Saracens overwhelm Beroea (now Aleppo).  The name, Beroea, disappears, and as Moslem society settles down "Halep" emerges again as the great gathering-place of caravans passing from Asia Minor and Syria to Mesopotamia, Bagdad and the Persian and Indian kingdoms.
0638 The Arabs capture Ptolemais.
0639 Birinus baptizes King Cuthred at Dorchester, and receives him as his son.
0640 Eadbald, King of Kent, dies after a reign of 25 winters.  His son, Erkenbert, ascends the throne.Erkenbert overturns all the idols in the kingdom, and institutes a fast before Easter.  He is the first of English kings to do so.
0642 August 5 Penda, King of the South Umbrians, kills Oswald, king of the Northumbrians, at Mirfield.  He is buried at Bardney.  His brother, Oswy, ascends the Northumbrian throne, and rules for something under 30 years.
0642 The Saracens take Alexandria, and use the books of the Pergamus library of Serapion as fuel with which to stoke the public baths.  By this time a large part of the collection has already been destroyed, but there are still so many that it takes six months to burn all of them in this manner.
0643 Kenwal, son of Cynegils, ascends the West Saxon throne, and rules for 31 winters.  He orders the old church to be built at Winchester in the name of St.  Peter.
0644 October 10 Paulinus dies at Rochester.  He was Archbishop, first at York, and then at Rochester.  The son of Oswy's uncle (Oswin), the son of Osric, assumed the government of Deira, and reigned seven winters.
0644 T''ang's emperor T'ai-tsung tries to topple Koguryo.
0645 King Penda drives King Kenwal from his dominion.
0646 King Kenwal is baptized.
0646? Caliph Othman deprives `Amr of the government of Alexandria.
0648 T''ang's emperor T'ai-tsung tries to topple Koguryo.
0648 Kenwal gives his relation, Cuthred, three thousand hides of land by Ashdown.
0650 - 1150 The wari rule the Andes.
0650 Birinus dies, and is succeeded by Egelbert, of Gaul (Agilbert the Frenchman), as bishop of the West Saxons.
0651 August 20 King Oswin is killed.
0651 August 31  Bishop Aidan dies.
0652 Kenwal fights at Bradford by the Avon.
0653 The Middle Angles receive Christianity under alderman Peada.
0654 King Anna is killed.  Botolph begins to build that minster at Icanhoe.
0654 September 30 Archbishop Honorius dies.
0655 March 26 Ithamar, Bishop of Rochester, consecrates Deus-dedit Archbishop of Canterbury.
0655 Penda is killed at Wingfield.  Thirty royal personages die with him, some of whom are kings.  One of these is Ethelhere, brother of Anna, king of the East Angles.  The Mercians become Christians, and Peada, son of Penda, assumes rule over them.  He and Oswy, brother of King Oswald, lay the foundations of Medhamsted Minster.
0655 T''ang's emperor T'ai-tsung tries to topple Koguryo.
0656 during Easter, Peada is betrayed by his own queen, and killed.  Wulfhere, son of Penda, succeeds as King of the Mercians.
0658 Kenwal fights the Welsh at Pen, and pursues them to the Parret.  This battle is fought after his return from East Anglia, where he was in exile for three years.  Penda had driven him thither and deprived him of his kingdom, because he had discarded his sister.
0660 Baikje falls to Silla.
0660 Bishop Egelbert departs from Kenwal.  Wina holds the bishopric three years.  Egbert accepts the bishopric of Paris, in Gaul, by the Seine.
0661 Pyongyang falls to T'ang invaders.
0661 Easter, Kenwal fights at Pontesbury.  Wulfere, son of Penda, pursues him as far as Ashdown.  Cuthred, son of Cwichelm, and King Kenbert die.  Wulfere, son of Penda, penetrates the Isle of Wight, and transferrs the inhabitants to Ethelwald, king of the South Saxons, because Wulfere has adopted him in baptism.  Eoppa, a mass-priest, by command of Wilfrid and King Wulfere, is the first to bring baptism to the people of the Isle of Wight.
0664 May 11 the sun is eclipsed.  Erkenbert, King of Kent, dies.  His son, Egbert, becomes king.  Colman and his companions return to their own country.  A great plague occurs in Britain.  Bishop Tuda dies of the plague, and is buried at Wayleigh.  Chad and Wilferth are consecrated.  Archbishop Deus-dedit dies.
0667 Oswy and Egbert send Wighard, a priest, to be consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury at Rome.  He dies as soon as he reaches Rome.
0668 The kingdom of Sila unifies much of the Korean Peninsula with the help of the Chinese.
0668 The Tang army returns and occupies Pyongyang.
0668 Theodore is consecrated archbishop, and sent into Britain.
0668 A fellow Korean state, Silla, joins up with T'ang and brings about the fall of Koguryo.
0669 King Egbert gives Reculver to Bass, a mass-priest, to build a minster upon.
0670 on the fifteenth day before the calends of March, Oswy, King of Northumberland, dies.  His son, Egferth, ascends the throne.  Lothere, the nephew of Bishop Egelbert, succeeds to the bishopric over the land of the West-Saxons, and holds it seven years.  He was consecrated by Archbishop Theodore.
0671 A great destruction occurs among the fowls.
0671 -  95. I - tsing travels through and describes Java, Sumatra, and India.
0672 King Cenwal dies.  Sexburga, his queen, holds the government one year after him.
0673 Egbert, King of Kent, dies.  There is a synod at Hertford.  St.  Etheldritha begins the monastery at Ely.
0673 King Bojang dies, the defeated Koguryo army stops fighting on,  and Koguryo is no more.  Koguryo officials and 200 thousand prisoners are taken to China and Koguryo's territory is annexed to T'ang.
0674 T'ang invades its former ally, Silla. Silla defeats the T'ang army and frees the Koguryo capital of Pyongyang.
0674 Escwin succeeds to the Wessex throne.
0675 Athelred, king of Mercia, succeeds his brother, Wulfhere.
0675 Wulfere and Escwin fight at Bedwin.  Wulfere dies, and Ethelred succeeds him as King of the Mercians.
0676 Hedda succeeds to his bishopric.  Escwin dies, and Centwin obtains the rule of the West Saxons.  Ethelred, king of the Mercians, overruns Kent.
0676 Athelred raveges Kent with fire and sword, destroying the monasteries and churches and taking Rochester.
0678 August A comet appears, and shines every morning for three months like a sunbeam.  King Everth drives Bishop Wilfrid from his bishopric.  Two bishops are consecrated in his stead, Bosa over the Deirians, and Eata over the Bernicians.  Eadhed is consecrated bishop over the people of Lindsey, being the first in that division.
0679 Elwin is killed by the river Trent, on the spot where Everth and Ethelred fought.  St.  Etheldritha dies.  The monastery of Coldingiham is destroyed by fire from heaven.
0680 Archbishop Theodore convenes a synod at Hatfield to rectify the belief of Christ.  Hilda, Abbess of Whitby, dies.
0681 Trumbert is consecrated Bishop of Hexham, and Trumwin bishop of the Picts, who are now subject to this country.  Centwin pursues the Britons to the sea.
0684 Everth sends an army against the Scots under the command of his alderman, Bright, who plunders and burns the churches of God.
0685 first day of Easter, Archbishop Theodore consecrates Cuthbert Bishop of Hexham at York on King Everth's command.  Trumbert had been deprived of that see.
0685 on the 13th day before the calends of June, Everth is killed beside the north sea, and a large army with him.  His brother, Elfrith, succeeds him.  Ceadwall begins to struggle for a kingdom.  Lothhere, King of Kent, dies.  John is consecrated Bishop of Hexham, where he remains till Wilferth is restored.  In Britain there is a bloody rain, and milk and butter are turned to blood.
0686 Ceadwall and his brother Mull spread devastation in Kent and the Isle of Wight.
0687 Mull and twelve other men are consigned to the flames in Kent.  Ceadwall overruns the kingdom of Kent.
0688 Ceadwall (Caedwalla) goes to Rome, where Pope Sergius baptizes him and names him Peter.  Seven nights afterward, on the twelfth day before the calends of May, he dies in his baptismal garments, and is buried in the church of St.  Peter.  Ina succeeds him, and rules the kingdom of Wessex (kingdom of the West Saxons) for 27 (or 37?) winters.
0690 Archbishop Theodore dies, and is buried within the city of Canterbury.
0693 on the fifth day before the nones of July, Godwin, bishop of the Gauls, consecrates Bertwald archbishop.  Before this Bertwald was abbot of Reculver.  Bertwald becomes the first English archbishop.  Gifmund, Bishop of Rochester, dies, and Bertwald consecrates Tobias to replace him.  Dryhtelm dies.
0694 The people of Kent give Ina 30 thousand pounds "in friendship" to settle for the burning of his brother, Mull.  Wihtred succeeds to the throne of Kent, and rules for 33 winters.  He decrees that none but the Archbishop shall appoint persons to church positions.
0697 The Southumbrians kill Ostritha, queen of Ethelred, sister of Everth.
0699 The Picts kill Alderman Burt.
0700 General Tarik crosses the gates of Hercules to whath he calls Gibel-al-tarik, the Hill of Tarik, or Gibraltar.
0700? Usmal begins to flourish.  It is the largest, and probably the most powerful, of Maya Puk cities.
0702 Kenred becomes king of the Southumbrians.
0703 Bishop Hedda dies.  He was Bishop of Winchester for twenty-seven winters.
0704 After ruling for 29 winters, Ethelred, the son of Penda, King of Mercia, enters into a monastic life.  He is succeeded by Cenred.
0704 The Arabs are thought to have acquired knowledge of making paper from cotton by their conquests in Tartary.
0705 On the 19th day before the calends of January, Ealdferth, king of the Northumbrians, dies at Driffield.  He is succeeded by his son, Osred.  Bishop Saxulf dies.
0706? A cotton paper factory is established at Samarkand.
0710 Alderman Bertfrith fights the Picts between Heugh and Carau.  Ina and his relative, Nun, fight Grant, king of the Welsh.  Hibbald is killed.
0711 General Tarik defeats the king of the Visigoths in the battle of Xeres de la Frontera.
0714 Guthlac the holy and King Pepin die.
0715 Ina and Ceolred fight at Wanborough.  King Dagobert dies.
0716 Athelbald, king of Mercia, succeeds Ceolred.
0716 Osred, king of the Northumbrians, is killed near the southern borders.  Cenred succeeds him.  Ceolred, king of the Mercians, dies, and is buried at Lichfield.  Ethelred, son of Penda, dies, and is buried at Bardney.  Ethelbald succeeds to the kingdom of Mercia, and holds it 41 winters.
0718 Ingild dies.  He was the brother of Ina.
0722 Queen Ethelburga destroys Taunton, which Ina built.  Ealdbert wanders a wretched exile in Surrey and Sussex.  Ina fights the South Saxons.
0725 On the 9th day before the calends of May, Wihtred, King of Kent, dies after ruling 32 winters.  He is succeeded by Eadbert.  Ina fights the South Saxons, and kills Ealdbert, the etheling, whom he drove into exile before.
0727 Tobias dies, and Bertwald consecrates Aldulf to replace him.
0728 Ina goes to Rome, where he dies.  He is succeeded by his relative, Ethelhard, who rules Wessex for 14 years.  Ethelhard fights Oswald the etheling.
0729 Emperor Shomu gives tea to one hundred monks at his palace in Nara.
0729 June 10 Tatwine, once a priest at Bredon, in Mercia, is consecrated archbishop by Daniel Bishop of Winchester, Ingwald Bishop of London, Aldwin Bishop of Lichfield, and Aldulf Bishop of Rochester.
0729 A comet appears.  St.  Egbert dies in Iona.  Oswald the etheling dies.  Osric is killed after ruling Northumberland eleven years.  He is succeeded by Ceolwulf, who rules for eight years.  Archbishop Bertwald dies on the ides of January.
0732 The Frankish chieftain, Charles Martel (Charles with the Hammer) defeats the Moslems in a battle between Tours and Poitiers.  The Moslems retreat to Spain.
0733 Ethelbald takes Somerton.  The sun is eclipsed.  Acca is driven from his bishopric.
0734 The moon appears to be covered with blood.  Archbishop Tatwine and Bede die.  Egbert is consecrated bishop.
0734 Bappa Rawal establishes the House of Mewar.
0735 Bishop Egbert receives the pall at Rome.
0735 Silla regains the Koguryo territory south of Taedonggang.
0736 Archbishop Nothelm receives the pall from the Roman bishop.
0737 Bishop Forthere and Queen Frithogitha go to Rome.  King Ceolwulf receives the clerical tonsure, giving his kingdom to Edbert, his uncle's son, who rules 21 winters.  Bishop Ethelwold and Acca die.  Cynewulf is consecrated bishop.  Ethelbald ravages the land of the Northumbrians.
0738 Eadbery succeeds to the Northumbrian kingdom, and rules for 21 winters.
0740 King Ethelhard dies.  He is succeeded by his relative, Cuthred, who rules the West Saxon kingdom for 14 winters.  York burns.
0743 The stone bridge at Adana is restored and named after Jisr al-Walid, an Omayyad caliph.
0743 Ethelbald, king of Mercia, and Cuthred, king of the West-Saxons, fight the Welsh.
0744 There is a meteor shower.
0746 King Selred is killed.
0748 Cynric, etheling of the West Saxons, is killed.  Edbert, King of Kent, dies.  He is succeeded by Ethelbert, son of King Wihtred.
0750 Cuthred, king of the West Saxons, fights the proud chief Ethelhun.
0752 Cuthred puts Ethelbald, king of the Mercians, to flight at Burford.
0753 Cuthred fights the Welsh.
0754 Cuthred dies.  He is succeeded by his relative, Sebright, who rules one year.  Canterbury burns.
0755 Cynewulf, with the consent of the West Saxon council, deprives his relative, Sebright (Sigebert), of his kingdom for unrighteous deeds.
0756 The last king of Champa dies.
0757 Eadbert, king of the Northumbrians, receives the tonsure.  He is succeeded by his son, Osulf, who rules for one year.  Osulf is murdered by his own domestics on the ninth day before the kalends of August.
0758 Archbishop Cuthbert dies.
0759 Bregowin is invested archbishop at Michaelmas, and continues four years.  Mull Ethelwold succeeds to the Northumbrian kingdom, holds it six winters, and then resigns it.
0760 Ethelbert, King of Kent, dies.
0761 Severe winter.
0761 on the eighth day before the ides of August, Mull, king of the Northumbrians, kills Oswin at Edwin's Cliff.
0762 Mansur, Caliph of the Abassid dynasty, founds Bagdad.
0762 Archbishop Bregowin dies.
0763 On the nones of May, Frithwald, Bishop of Whitern, dies.
0763 On the 40rd day over midwinter, Eanbert is invested archbishop.
0764 Archbishop Eanbert receives the pall.
0765 Alred becomes king of the Northumbrians, and rules eight winters.
0766 On the 13th day before the calends of December, Archbishop Egbert dies at York.
0768 On the 14th day before the calends of September, King Eadbert, the son of Eata, dies.
0768 Charles, commonly known as Carolus Magnus or Char-lemagne, succeeds Pepin on the Frankish throne.
0774 Raiders from Java land at Kauthara, Champa, burn the temple of Po Nagar, and carry off the image of Shiva.  King Satyavarman pursues the raiders and defeats them in a naval battle.
0775 Cynewulf and Offa fight near Bensington, and Offa takes possession of the town.
0776 The _Mappa Mundi_ of Beatus.
0778 On the eleventh day before the calends of April, Ethelbald and Herbert kill three  high-sheriffs -- Eldulf, the son of Bosa, at Coniscliff; Cynewulf and Eggo at Helathyrn.  Elwald banishes Ethelred from his territory, seizes his kingdom, and rules ten winters.
0780 A battle is fought between the Old-Saxons and the Franks.
0780 On the 9th day before the calends of January, the high-sheriffs of Northumbria commit Alderman Bern to the flames at Silton.
0781 Satyavarman erects a stele at Po Nagar declaring that he has regained control of the area and restored the    temple.
0782 Werburga, Queen of Ceolred, dies.
0782 Harun al-Rashid founds a castle at Adana.
0784 Cyneard kills King Cynewulf.  Cyneard and 84 men are killed.  Bertric takes the West Saxon throne, and rules sixteen years.
0787 King Bertric marries Edburga, the daughter of Offa.
0787 Javanese raiders destroy a temple dedicated to    Shiva near Panduranga in Champa.
0789 on the eleventh day before the calends of October, Siga kills Elwald, king of the Northumbrians.  He is succeeded by his nephew, Osred, the son of Alred.
0790 Archbishop Eanbert dies, and Abbot Ethelherd is chosen archbishop.  Osred, king of the Northumbrians, is betrayed and banished from his kingdom, and Ethelred, the son of Ethelwald, succeeds him.
0792 Offa, King of Mercia, commands that King Ethelbert shall be beheaded.  0792  On the 18th day before the calends of October, Osred, who had been king of the Northumbrians, returning home after his exile, is apprehended and killed.
0792 On the 3rd day before the calends of October, Ethelred takes a new wife named Elfleda.
0793 On the 8th day before the calends of March, Siga dies.
0793 on the sixth day before the ides of January, the heathen (Danes?) attack Holy island, where they pillage and slaughter.
0793 The Northumbrians are terrified by immense sheets of light rushing through the air, whirlwinds, and fiery dragons flying across the sky.  A great famine soon follows.
0794 On the 4th day before the ides of August, Offa, King of Mercia dies after ruling forty winters.  He is succeeded by Everth, who dies before the end of the year.
0794 On the calends of August, Alderman Ethelherd dies.
0794 The heathen armies spread devastation among the Northumbrians, and plunder the monastery of King Everth at the mouth of the Wear, where some of their leaders are killed.  Some of their ships are shattered to pieces by the violence of the weather, and many of the crew are drowned.  Some escape alive to the shore, and these are soon dispatched at the mouth of the river.
0794 Eadbert, whose other name is Pryn, becomes king of Kent.
0794 Pope Adrian dies.
0794 on the thirteenth day before the calends of May, Ethelred, king of the Northumbrians, is killed by his own people.
0795 On the 7th day before the calends of Jun, Archbishop Eanbald, and Bishops Ethelbert, Hibbald, and Baldulf consecrate Erdulf and raise him to his throne at York.
0795 On the second before the ides of May, Erdulf succeeds to the Northumbrian throne.
0795 On the 5th day before the calends of April, the moon is eclipsed between cock-crowing and dawn.
0796 Cynewulf, King of Mercia, makes inroads upon the inhabitants of Kent as far as the marsh.  The Mercians seize Edbert Pryn, King of Kent, lead him bound into Mercia, and allow men to pick out his eyes and cut off his hands.
0796 Harun al-Rashid rebuilds ANAZARBUS.
0796 On the fourth day before the ides of August, Archbishop Eanbald dies, and is buried at York.
0796 on the fourth before the kalends of August, Offa, king of the Mercians, dies after ruling forty years.
0798 During Lent, on the fourth day before the nones of April, a severe battle is fought in the Northumbrian territory, at Whalley.  In this battle, Alric, son of Herbert, is killed, and many others with him.
0799 Archbishop Ethelbert and Cynbert, Bishop of Wessex, go to Rome.  Siric, king of the East Saxons, goes to Rome.
0799 December Charlemagne restores Pope Leo III to his Lateran palace in Rome.
0800 Charlemagne is crowned Emperor of Rome.
0800 On the seventeenth day before the calends of February, the moon is eclipsed at eight in the evening.  Soon after this, King Bertric and Alderman Worr die.
0800 Egbert succeeds to the West-Saxon throne.  On the same day, Ethelmund, alderman of the Wiccians, rides over the Thames at Kempsford.  There he is met by Alderman Woxtan, with the men of Wiltshire, and a terrible conflict ensues.  Both commanders are killed.  The men of Wiltshire are victorious.
0801 the monk  Saicho returns to Japan with some tea seeds and plants them in Yeisan.
0802 On the thirteenth day before the calends of January, The moon is eclipsed at dawn.
0803 Archbishop Ethelherd dies in Kent, and Wulfred is chosen archbishop in his stead.
0804 Archbishop Wulfred receives his pall.
0805 King Cuthred dies in Kent.
0806 On the third day before the calends of September, a wonderful circle is displayed about the sun.
0806 September 1 The moon is eclipsed.
0806 On Wednesday, the next day before the nones of June, a cross is seen in the moon at dawn.
0806 Erdwulf, king of the Northumbrians, is banished from his dominions.
0807 On the seventeenth day before the calends of August, at precisely eleven in the morning, the sun is eclipsed.
0812 Emperor Charlemagne dies after a reign of 45 winters.  Archbishop Wulfred and Bishop Wigbert, of Wessex, undertake a journey to Rome.
0813 Archbishop Wulfred returns with the blessing of Pope Leo.  King Egbert spreads devastation from east to west in Cornwall.
0814 Pope Leo dies.  He is succeeded by Stephen.
0816 Pope Stephen dies.  Paschalis succeeds him.  The school of the English nation is destroyed by fire at Rome.
0819 Cenwulf, King of Mercia, dies.  Ceolwulf succeeds him.  Alderman Eadbert dies.
0821 Ceolwulf is deprived of his kingdom.
0822 Burhelm and Mucca, two aldermen, are killed.  A synod is held at Cliff's Hoo.
0823 A battle is fought between the Welsh in Cornwall and the people of Devonshire at Camelford.  Egbert, king of the West Saxons, and Bernwulf, King of Mercia, fight a battle at Wilton.  Egbert gains the victory, but there is great slaughter on both sides.  Egbert then sends his son, Ethelwulf, into Kent with a large detachment from the main body of the army.  Ethelwulf drives King Baldred northward over the Thames.  The men of Kent immediately submitted to him.  Likewise the inhabitants of Surrey, Sussex, and Essex, who had been unlawfully kept from their allegiance by his relatives.  The king of the East Angles and his subjects beseech King Egbert to give them peace and protection against the terror of the Mercians.  They kill the Mercian king, Bernwulf.
0825 Ludecan, King of Mercia, and his five aldermen are killed.  Wiglaf succeeds him.
0825 Athelwulf is sent with Eahlstan, bishop of Sherborne, and the ealdorman Wulfheard, to drive out Baldred, king of Kent, which is successfully accomplished.
0827 Midwinter's Mass night, The moon is eclipsed.  King Egbert conquers the Mercian kingdom and all that is south of the Humber.  He is the eighth king who is sovereign of all the British dominions.  Ella, king of the South Saxons, was the first who possessed so large a territory.  The second was Ceawlin, king of the West Saxons.  The third was Ethelbert, King of Kent.  the fourth was Redwald, king of the East Angles.  The fifth was Edwin, king of the Northumbrians.  the sixth was Oswald, who succeeded him.  The seventh was Oswy, the brother of Oswald.  The eighth was Egbert, king of the West Saxons.
0828 The Saracenic chief, Al-Kamuk, founds ALCAMO, a town of Sicily.  He erected the castle, which still stood in the 20th century.
0828 Wiglaf recovers his Mercian kingdom.  Bishop Ethelwald dies.  King Egbert leads an army against the people of North Wales, and compells them all to peaceful submission.
0829 April 25 Abbot Feologild is chosen to replace Archbishop Wulfred.
0829 August 13 Archbishop Feologild dies.
0829 Archbishop Wulfred dies.
0829 Sunday June 11  Archbishop Feologild is consecrated.
0830 Ceolnoth is chosen and consecrated to replace archbishop Feologild.
0831 Archbishop Ceolnoth receives the pall.
0832 The heathen danes overrun the Isle of Shepey.
0833 King Egbert fights thirty-five Danish pirates at Charmouth, where a great slaughter is made.  The Danes remain masters of the field.  Two bishops, Hereferth and Wigen, and two aldermen, Dudda and Osmod, die.
0835 A great Danish fleet arrives in West-Wales, where they are joined by the people, and commence war against Egbert, the West Saxon king.  When he hears this, he proceeds against them with his army, and fights them at Hengeston, where he puts both the Welsh and the Danes to flight.
0836 King Egbert dies.  He is the man who was driven out of England into France by Offa, King of Mercia, and Bertric, the West Saxon king, three years before he himself became king.  Bertric assisted Offa because he had married his daughter.  When Egbert returned, he ruled thirty-seven winters and seven months.  He is succeeded by his son, Ethelwulf.  Ethelwulf gives his son, Athelstan, the kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Surrey, and Sussex.
0837 Alderman Wulfherd fights with 33 pirates at Hamton.  He is victorious, but only after a great slaughter, and he dies before the end of the year.  Alderman Ethelhelm and the men of Dorsetshire fight the Danish army in Portland isle, and are able to put them to flight for a good while; but in the end, the Danes become masters of the field, and kill Ethelhelm.
0838 The Danes kill Alderman Herbert and many men among the Marshlanders.  They later kill many more in Lindsey, East Anglia, and Kent.
0839 There is great slaughter in London, Canterbury, and Rochester.
0839 aTHELWULF, king of the West Saxons, succeeds his father Ecgberht.
0840 King Ethelwulf fights 35 Danish ship's crews at Charmouth, but the Danes remain masters there.  Roman Emperor Louis dies.
0840 Caliph Mutasim  rebuilds The stone bridge at Adana.
0843 The treaty of Verdun is signed.
0845? The Isidorian Decretals are fabricated in the west of Gaul--a forgery containing about one hundred pretended decrees of the early popes, together with certain spurious writings of other church dignitaries and acts of synods.  This forgery produces an immense extension of papal power.
0845 Alderman Eanwulf, with the men of Somersetshire, and Bishop Ealstan, and Alderman Osric, with the men of Dorsetshire, fight the Danish army at the mouth of the Parret.  There, after making a great slaughter, they obtained victory.
0846? An insignificant Saracen expedition enters the Tiber and appears before the walls of Rome.  Too weak to force an entrance, it insults and plunders the precincts, sacrilegiously violating the tombs of St.  Peter and St.  Paul.  A silver alter is torn away from the church of St.  Peter and sent to Africa.
0851 Alderman Ceorl, with the men of Devonshire, fight the Danish army at Wemburg.  They obtain victory after making a great slaughter.  King Athelstan and Alderman Elchere fight in their ships, and slaughter a large army at Sandwich, in Kent, taking nine ships and dispersing the rest.  The Danes camp over winter in the Isle of Thanet for the first time.  350 ships enter the mouth of the Thames.  Their crews land, and storm Canterbury and London, putting Bertulf, king of the Mercians, and his army to flight.  Then they march southward over the Thames into Surrey.  Here the West Saxon army, headed by Ethelwulf and his son, Ethelbald, slaughters and defeats them at Ockley.
0851 - 916. Sulaiman and Abu Zaid visit China.
0853 Burhred, King of Mercia, and his council, ask King Ethelwulf to assist them to subdue North Wales.  He marches  an army over Mercia into North Wales, and makes all the inhabitants subject to him.  King Ethelwulf sends his son, Alfred, to Rome.  Pope Leo consecrates him king, and adopts him his spiritual son.  Elchere with the men of Kent and Huda with the men of Surrey fight the heathen army in the Isle of Thanet, and soon obtain the victory.  Both aldermen are killed, and Many are killed or drowned on both sides.  Burhred, the Mercian king, marries the daughter of Ethelwulf, king of the West Saxons.
0854 The danes camp over winter in the Isle of Shepey for the first time.  Ethelwulf gives a tenth of his land to the church.  He goes to Rome with great pomp, and remains there for a year.  Then he spends some time in France, and King Charles gives him his daughter, Judith, to be his queen.  After this he returns to his people, and they are glad to receive him.
0860 King Ethelbald dies, and is buried at Sherborn.  His brother, Ethelbert, succeeds to the whole kingdom, and holds it in good order and great tranquillity.
0861 Naddod the Norwegian discovers Iceland.
0861 Bishop Swithun (sainted) dies.
0861 Naddod discovers Iceland.
0862 three Norsemen, brothers, crossed the Baltic and founded three small dynasties.  Of the three brothers, only one, Rurik, lived for a number of years.  He took possession of the territory of his brothers, and twenty years after the arrival of this first Norseman, a Slavic state had been established with Kiev as its capital.
0863 Cyril (originally Constantine) and his brother, Methodius, proceed to Moravia from Constantinople for the purpose of converting the Slavonic inhabitants to Christianity.
0865 The danish army camps in the isle of Thanet.  They make peace with the men of Kent, who promise them money.  Then they steal up the country in the night, and overrun all of Kent eastward.
0866 Ethered, brother of Ethelbert, takes the West Saxon throne.  a large Danish army enters England.  They set up their winter quarters in East Anglia, where they are soon horsed.  The inhabitants make peace with them.
0867 From the East Angles, the Danish army crosses the mouth of the Humber to the Northumbrians, and takes York.  The Northumbrians experience a great deal of dissension among themselves.  They have deposed their rightful king, Osbert, and have admitted Aella, who has no natural claim to the throne.  Late in the year, they return to their allegiance.  They collect a vast force, beseige York, and breaking open the town, some of them enter.  Then the Danes commence an immense slaughter of the Northumbrians, some in York and some outside.  Both kings are killed on the spot.  The survivors then make peace with the Danish army.
0868 The Danes enter Mercia and take Nottingham, where they set up their winter quarters.  Burhred, king of the Mercians, with his council, asks Ethered, king of the West Saxons, and Alfred, his brother, for help against the Danes.  These lead the West Saxon army to Mercia, where they beseige Nottingham, but the Mercians make peace with the Danes, and there is no heavy fighting.
0869 The Danes return to York, and camp there for a year.
0870 The treaty of Mersen-on-the-Meuse is signed, apparently giving france to one of Charlemagne's sons and Germany to the other.
0870 The Danes ride over Mercia into East Anglia, and set up their winter quarters at Thetford.  King Edmund fights them in the winter, but he is killed by Hingwar and Hubba, the leaders of the Danes.  Then the danes overrun all that land, and destroy all the monasteries to which they come.  They attack Medhamsted, burning and breaking, and killing abbot and monks and everyone they can find there.  The monastery, which was quite rich, is reduced to nothing.  Archbishop Ceolnoth dies.  Ethered, Bishop of Witshire, is chosen Archbishop of Canterbury.
0871 The Danes enter Reading in Wessex.  Three nights later, two earls ride up, and are met by Alderman Ethelwulf at Englefield.  He defeats them, killing one.  About four nights after this, King Ethered and his brother, Alfred, lead their main army to Reading, where they engage the Danes.  There is much slaughter on both sides, and Alderman Ethelwulf dies, but the Danes keep possession of the field.  About four nights later, Ethered and Alfred attack the Danes on Ashdown, and the Danes are overcome.  About a fortnight after this, Ethered and Alfred fight the Danes at Basing, where they are defeated.  About two months later, Ethered and Alfred fight the Danes at Marden.  The Danes retreat at first, but then they gain the upper hand, and kill Bishop Heahmund and many other good men.  Then, in the summer, a vast Danish army arrives at Reading.  After Easter, Ethered dies, and is buried at Winburn-minster.  His brother, Alfred, takes the throne of Wessex, and makes peace with the Danes after many battles.
0872? Harald the Fairhaired becomes first king of Norway.
0872 The Danes move from Reading to London, and set up their winter quarters there.  The Mercians make peace with the Danes.
0873 The danes attack the Northumbrians, and set up their winter quarters at Torksey in Lindsey.  The Mercians again make peace with the Danes.
0874 The Danes move from Lindsey to Repton, drive King Burhred out of the country, and take up their winter quarters there.  King Burhred flees to Rome.  Then they give the Mercian kingdom to Ceolwulf, an unwise thane.
0874 Feeling unhappy under the dominion of Harold Harfraga (fine hair), a number of voluntary colonists  arrive in Iceland under the direction of Ingold.
0875 Champa King Indravarman II founds a new northern dynasty at    Indrapura (Dong Duong near Da Nang in modern Vietnam).
0875 The Danes leave Repton.  Healfden advances with some of the Danish army against the Northumbrians, and sets up his winter quarters by the river Tine.  The Danes then subdue that land, and often invade the Picts and the Strathclydwallians.  The three kings, Guthrum, Oskytel, and Anwind, move from Repton to Cambridge with a vast army, and camp there for a year.  King Alfred puts to sea with an armed fleet in the summer.  He fights with seven pirate vessels, taking one and dispersing the others.
0876 Rolla penetrates Normandy with his army, and rules there fifty winters.  The Danes steal into Wareham, a fort of the West Saxons, and the king makes peace with them.  They give him as hostages those who are worthiest in their army,  and swear with oaths on the holy bracelet, which they would not before to any nation, that they would readily go out of his kingdom.  Then their cavalry steals by night into Exeter.  Healfden divides the land of the Northumbrians, eventually making them their harrowers and plowers.
0876? Rolf the Ganger settles Normandy.
0877 The Danish army enters Exeter from Wareham while the navy sails around westward.  The navy enters a great mist, and loses 120 ships at Swanwich.  King Alfred and his army ride after the Danish cavalry, but cannot overtake them before they enter the security of the fortress at Exeter.  There they give him as many hostages as he requires, swearing with solemn oaths to observe the strictest amity.  At harvest time, the Danish army enteres Mercia,  some of which they divide among themselves, and some of which they give to Ceolwulf.
0877 Baichu massacres the inhabitants of Canton, which included 120 thousand foreign merchants.  He destroys the silk trade by cutting down all the mulberry trees.
0877 King Indravarman I founds the Khmer empire at Roluos by uniting two previously independent regions of Cambodia.
0878 Ingolf founds a colony on Iceland.
0878 About mid-winter, after twelfth-night, the Danish army steals out to Chippenham, and rides over the land of the West Saxons.  There they settle, driving many of the people overseas and riding the rest down and subduing them.  Alfred uneasily seeks the woods and fastnesses of the moors with a little band of men.  In the winter, the brother of Ingwar and Healfden land in Wessex, in Devonshire, with 23 ships.  There he and 800 of his men and 40 of his army are killed, and the war flag, which they call the RAVEN, is taken.  During Easter, King Alfred and his little force raise a fortification at Athelney.  From there he assails the Danish army, assisted by that part of Somersetshire which is nighest to it.  Then, in the seventh week after Easter, he rides to Brixton by the eastern side of Selwood.  and there came out to meet him all the people of Somersersetshire, and Wiltshire, and that part of Hampshire which is on this side of the sea.  and they rejoiced to see him.  Then within one night he went from this retreat to Hey, and within one night after he proceeded to Heddington.  There he fights the whole Danish army, and puts them to flight, riding after them as far as the fortress, where he remains a fortnight.  Then the army gives him hostages with many oaths that they would go out of his kingdom.  They also tell him that their king will receive baptism.  Three weeks later, King Guthrum, attended by some thirty of the worthiest men that are in the army, come to him at Aller, which is near Athelney, and there the king becomes his sponsor in baptism.  His crisom-leasing is at Wedmor.  He is there twelve nights with the king, who honours him and his attendants with many presents.
0879 The Danish army moves from Chippenham to Cirencester, and camps there for a year.  A band of pirates assembles and remains at Fulham by the Thames.  The sun is eclipsed for an hour.
0879 The main sources of revenue in Canton are duties on salt and tea.  This fact, recorded by an Arabian traveler, is the first reference to tea in European writing.
0880 The Danish army moves from Cirencester into East Anglia, where they settle and divide the land.  The Danish army that had been encamped at Fulham  crosses the sea to Ghent, in Belgium, and camps there for one year.
0881 The Danes go higher up into Belgium, and the Franks fight with them.  There the Danes get horsed.
0882 The Danes go up along the Maese, far into Frankland, and camp there for a year.  King Alfred puts to sea with a fleet, and fights four Danish pirate vessels.  He takes two after killing their crews, and the crews of the other two surrender after getting severely cut up and wounded in the fray.
0883 The Danes go up the Scheldt to Conde, and camp there for a year.  Pope Marinus sends King Alfred the "lignum Domini".  Sighelm and Athelstan accompany King Alfred's alms to Rome and to St.  Thomas and St.  Bartholomew in India.  Then they camp against the Danish army at London, and there, with the favour of God, they are very successful after the performance of their vows.
0883 King Alfred of England sends alms to rome and to the shrine of Saints Thomas and Bartholomew in Indiawith Sighelm and Athelstan.
0884 The Danes go up the Somne to Amiens, and remain there a year.
0884 Ibn Khordadbeh describes the trade routes between Europe and Asia.
0885 The Danish army splits in two.  One part goes east, and the other part goes to Rochester.  The Danes beseige Rochester, and build another fortress around their own position, but the people defend the city until King Alfred arrives with his army.  Then the danes leave off the seige and take to their ships.  There they are provided with horses, and soon after, in the same summer, they go overseas again.  King Alfred sends a fleet from Kent into East Anglia.  As soon as they get to Stourmouth, they are met by sixteen pirate ships.  They fight with them, take all the ships, and kill the men.  As they return homeward with their booty, they meet a large fleet of pirate ships, and fight with them the same day, but the Danes had the victory.  Before midwinter, Charles, king of the Franks, is killed by a boar.
0886 The Danish army, which had been bent eastward, goes west, and proceeding upwards along the Seine, sets up its winter quarters in the city of Paris.  King Alfred fortifies the city of London, and the whole English nation turns to him, except that part of it which is held captive by the Danes.  He then commits the city to the care of Alderman Ethered, to hold it under him.
0886? Athelflaed (Ethelfleda), the "Lady of the Mercians," the eldest child of Alfred the Great, is married, to Athelred, earl of Mercia to whom Alfred entrusted the control of Mercia.
0887 The Danish army advances beyond the bridge at Paris, and then upwards, along the Seine, to the Marne,Then upwards on the Marne as far as Chezy.  In their two stations, there and on the Yonne, they remain for two winters.  Charles, king of the Franks, dies.  Alderman Ethelhelm leads the alms of the West Saxons and of King Alfred to Rome.
0888 Alderman Beeke conducts the alms of the West Saxons and of King Alfred to Rome.  Queen Ethelswith, who is the sister of King Alfred, dies on the way to Rome.  Ethered, Archbishop of Canterbury, and Alderman Ethelwold, die in one month.
0889 There is no journey to Rome except that King Alfred sent two messengers with letters.
0890 Abbot Bernhelm conducts the alms of the West Saxons and of King Alfred to Rome.  Guthrum dies.  He was king of the Northern men, and his baptismal name is Athelstan.  He was the godson of King Alfred, and he abode among the East-Angles, where he first established a settlement.  The Danish army moves from the Seine to Saint Lo, which is between the Bretons and the Franks.  The Bretons fight with them, defeat them, and drive them out into a river, in which many of them are drowned.  Plegmund is chosen Archbishop of Canterbury.
0890? Wulfstan and athere sail to the Baltic and the North Cape.
0891 Three Scots come to King Alfred from Ireland in a boat without oars.  They had stolen away from Ireland in order to live in a state of pilgrimage for the love of God, and had no destination.  Their boat is made of two and a half hides.  They had provisions for seven nights, within which they came to land in Cornwall, and soon went to King Alfred.  Their names are Dubslane, Macbeth, and Maelinmun.
0891 After Easter, about the gang-days or before, a comet appears.
0891 Swinney dies.  He was the best teacher among the Scots.
0891 The Danish army moves eastward.  Before their ships arrive, they are engaged and put to flight by  King Arnulf and a coalition of eastern Franks, Saxons, and Bavarians.
0892 The califs abandon Samara for Bagdad.
0893 The Danish army turns about, and retreats westward to Bologne, where they take ship with all their horses.  They enter the mouth of the Limne, East Kent, with 250 ships at the east end of Andred Wood.  This vast wood covers 120 miles or more in an east-west direction, and is 30 miles wide.  It drains into the Limne.  They tow their ships four miles up the Limne to the forest, where they destroy a temporary fortification manned by a few churls in the marsh.  Soon Hasten enters the mouth of the Thames with 80 ships, where he does a work at Milton, and the other army at Appledore.
0893 Abu Said revolts against the Khaliff Al Mohated and lays waste to Basrah.
0894 - 0895 England is ravaged by famine, plague, and war.
0896 The Danes build a fortification by the Lea, twenty miles above the city of London.  In the summer, a large party of citizens and other folk attack the fortification of the Danes, but they are routed, and some four of the king's thanes are killed.  During harvest, while they reap their corn, the king encamps close to the city to keep the Danes from depriving them of the crop.  Then, one day, the King rides up along the river and sees a place where the river might be obstructed, and the Danish ships kept in.  There he builds a fortification on either side of the river.  When his people start work, and set up there camp there, the Danes realize that they are no longer able to bring out their ships.  The Danes leave their ships, go overland to Quatbridge by Severn, and build a fortification there.  The King's army rides westward in persuit.  The men of London go to fetch the ships.  They bring all the best ships into the port of London.  The rest, including the ones they are unable to bring to London, they destroy.  The East Angles provide sanctuary for the wives of the Danes.  The Danes winter at Quatbridge.
0897 In the summer, the Danes move out, some into East Anglia, some into Northumbria.  Those that are penniless take ship south for the Seine.  The Danes have not entirely destroyed the English nation, but the English are much weakened by cattle disease, and especially by human sickness.  Many of the mightiest of the king's thanes have died within the three years since the Danes entered the Limne.  Among these are Bishop Swithulf, of Rochester, Alderman Ceolmund, from Kent, Alderman Bertulf, from Essex, Alderman Wulfred, from Hampshire, Bishop Elhard, of Dorchester, thane Eadulf, from Sussex, Governor Bernuff, of Winchester, and Egulf the king's horse thane, and many others.  The plunderers in East Anglia and Northumbria greatly harass the land of the West Saxons by piracies on the southern coast, but most of all by the esks which they built many years before.  King Alfred orders the building of long ships to be used against the esks.  These are nearly twice as long as the others.  Some have sixty oars, some more.  They are swifter, steadier, and higher than the others.  They are shaped not after the Frisian or the Danish model, but as he himself thought might be most serviceable.  Six Danish ships arrive at the Isle of Wight, and going into Devonshire, they do much mischief both there and everywhere on the seacoast.  The king commands his men to go out against them with nine of the new ships, and prevent their escape to the sea by the mouth of the river.  When they find the Danes, three of their ships are on land, their crews being busy ashore.  The other three ships attack.  The kings men take two off the mouth of the river, and kill their crews.  The third veers off, but only five crewmen remain, and even these are severely wounded.  A land battle ensues.  The tide comes in,a nd the Danes manage to shove off, but they are so weakened that every one of these is later lost.
0898 Eben Wahab travels into China.
0900? Malay speaking negrito seafarers disappear from Chinese records.
0900? Venice rises as a commercial power trading principally in spices, and leads Europe out of the dark ages.
0900? Wang Kwan founds the kingdom of Koreo, root of the word, Korea.
0900? Gunbioern discovers Greenland.
0901 Six nights before the Mass of All Saints, King Alfred dies.  He was king over all the English nation, except that part that was under the power of the Danes.  He is succeeded by his son, Edward.  Prince Ethelwald, son of his paternal uncle, defects to the Danish army at Northumberland.  They receive him as their king.  The English army then rides after the wife (a former nun) that Ethelwald took without the king's permission, and against the command of the bishops.
0902 There is a great fight between the men of Kent and the Danes at the Holme.
0904 Ethelwald arrives with all the ships he can get overseas.  To him the people of Essex submit.  The moon is eclipsed.
0905 Ethelwald entices the army in East Anglia to rebel.  They overrun all the land of Mercia, ford the Thames at Cricklade, seize everything they can lay hands upon in Bradon and its vicinity, and return home.  As soon as he can gather his army, King Edward overruns all their land between the foss and the Ouse and northward to the fens.  Then he issues the order to leave, but the Kentish men disobey, and remain behind.  The Danes surround the men of Kent, and they fight.  There fall Aldermen Siwulf and Sigelm; Eadwold, the king's thane; Abbot Kenwulf; Sigebriht, the son of Siwulf; Eadwald, the son of Acca; and many others with them.  On the Danish side die Eohric, their king; Prince Ethelwald, who enticed them to the war; Byrtsige, the son of Prince Brihtnoth; Governor Ysop; Governor Oskytel; and very many others.  Many died on both sides, especially among the Danes, but they remained masters of the field.
0905 On the thirteenth day before the calends of November, a comet appears.
0906 King Edward is forced to conclude a peace with the armies of East Anglia and of North humbria.
0907 The five dynasties period begins in China.
0907 End of the Tong dynasty in China.
0907 King Edward concludes the peace treaty with the Danes of East Anglia and Northumberland at Hitchingford.  Chester is rebuilt.
0907 Athelred and Athelflaed fortify Chester.
0909 and 0910 Either athelflaed or her husband must have led the Mercian host at the battles of Tettenhall and Wednesfield (or Tettenhall-Wednesfield, if these battles are one and the same).
0910 King Edward sends armies from Wessex and Mercia which very much harass the northern Danish army by their attacks on men and property of every kind.  They remain in the country for five weeks, and kill many danes.  The Angles defeat the Danes at Tootenhall.  Ethelfleda builds a fortress at Bramsbury.  King Edward takes possession of London, Oxford, and all the lands which owe obedience thereto.  A great fleet arrives from the south, from the Lidwiccas (Brittany).  These greatly ravaged by the Severn, but almost all of them perished in the end.
0911 Ethelred dies.  He was lord of the Mercians.
0911 The Danish army in Northumberland breaks the truce, and plunders the land of the Mercians.  Edward attacks them from the rear as they return, and kills many Danes.
0912 Edward takes London and Oxford and all the lands that belong thereto.
0912 On the holy eve called the invention of the holy cross, Ethelfleda, lady of the Mercians, goes to Shergate, and builds the fortress there.  Also that at Bridgenorth.
0912 - 930. The geographer Mas'udi describes the lands of Islam, from Spain to Further India, in his "Meadows of Gold."
0913 About Martinmas, King Edward has the northern fortress built at Hertford, between the Memer and the Benwic and the Lea.  In the summer, between gang- days and midsummer, King Edward and some of his force go into Essex, to Maldon.  There they encamp while men build and fortify the town of Witham.  Many of the people who were formerly under the Danes submit to him.  Meanwhile some of his force build the fortress at Hertford, on the south side of the Lea.  In the forepart of the summer, Ethelfleda and all the Mercians go to Tamworth, and build the fort there.  Before Lammas (August 1), they build the fort at Stafford.
0914 In the beginning of the summer, Ethelfleda  builds the fort at Eddesbury.  Late in the autumn, she builds the fort at Warwick.
0915 Before mid-winter, Ethelfleda builds the fort at Runkorn.  After mid-winter, Ethelfleda builds the fort at Chirbury and the fort at Warburton.  Warwick is built.
0916 Before midsummer, on the sixteenth day before the calends of July, The innocent Abbot Egbert is killed.  Three nights later, Ethelfleda sends an army into Wales, storms Brecknock, and kidnaps the king's wife and 34 others.
0917 After Easter, the Danes break their truce, ride out of Northampton and Leicester, and kill many men at Hookerton and thereabouts.
0918 Two earls, Ohter and Rhoald, arrive with a great naval armada from the Lidwiccians.  They go around westward, enter the mouth of the Severn, and plunder by the sea everywhere it suits them throughout North Wales.  Then the Danish army moves to plunder Archenfield, but they are put to flight by the men of Hertford, Glocester, and the nighest towns.  Many Danes are killed in this and other encounters.  After harvest, before Martin Mass, King Edward goes to Buckingham with his army, and camps there four weeks, during which he builds the two forts on either side of the water.  Before Laminas, Ethelfleda conquers Derby, but four of her dearest thanes are killed within the gates.  Twelve days before mid-summer, Ethelfleda, Lady of the Mercians, dies at Tamworth.
0919 Before Martinmas, King Edward and his army go to Bedford, and conquer the town.  Almost all the burgesses who obeyed him before return to him.  He camps there for weeks, and orders the town to be repaired on the south side of the water before he leaves.  Elfwina, daughter of Ethelred, lord of the Mercians, is deprived of all dominion over the Mercians, and carried into Wessex three weeks before mid-winter.
0920 Before mid-summer, Edward goes to Maldon, and repairs and fortifies the town.  Earl Thurkytel goes to Frankland with his followers under the protection and assistance of King Edward.  In the early part of the year, Ethelfleda gains the town of Leicester without loss, and the greater part of the army that belongs there submits to her.  The Yorkists also agree to submit to her.  But very soon after this, twelve nights before mid-summer, she dies at Tamworth.  Three weeks before midwinter, Healfwina, daughter of Ethered, lord of the Mercians, is deprived of all authority over the Mercians, and led into Wessex..
0921 Before Easter, King Edward orders his men to rebuild the town of Towcester.  Then, during the gang-days, he orders the town of Wigmore to be repaired.  Between Lammas and midsummer, the Danish army breaks its word and attacks the countryside again.
0921 Ahmed Ibn Fozlan describes the Russians.
0925 Shivaism is restored as the religion of Champa.
0928 The icelandic government shifts from feudal to aristocratic form under the name of a "republic".
0930? Eric Blood-axe begins to reign.
0938 Ngo Quyen defeats the Chinese fleet in the Battle of Bach Dang.
0944 and 0945 Khmer troops from Cambodia invade the region of Kauthara in Champa.
0950? Papyrus production ceases in Egypt.
0960 The Song dynasty gains power in China.
0960? The Song dynasty is established in Kaifeng, China.
0960 Cham King Jaya Indravaman I sends a delegation with tribute to the first king of the Song Dynasty.
0961 Nicephorus attempts to reoccupy Halep.  He fails.
0965 The king of Champa restores the temple at Po    Nagar and reconstructs the statue of the goddess to replace the one    stolen by the Khmer.
0968 Vietnam is reunited under the Dinh Dynasty (Dai Co Viet), and the capital is established at Hoa Lu near modern Hanoi.
0968 Cairo is founded in Egypt.
0969 Cairo is built.
0969 Ibn Haukal composes his book on Ways.
0974 John Zimisces temporarily reoccupies Halep (or Haleb, now Aleppo).  He is emperor of Byzantium and a native of neighbouring Hierapolis.  Of late, Halep has belonged to the Eastern Caliphate (the "Hanidanids").
0975 A great Famine desolates Western Europe.
0976 There is a great famine in England.
0978 All the oldest counsellors of England fall from an upper floor at Calne, but the holy Archbishop Dunstan is left standing alone upon a beam.  Some are dreadfully bruised, and some do not escape with life.  On the 15th day before the calends of April, at eventide,King Edward is murdered at Corfe-gate.
0979 Cham King Parameshvaravarman I (Phê Mi Thuê to the Viet) sends a fleet to attack Hoa Lu. The expedition is scuttled by a tempest.
0981 Bishop Friederich, a Saxon, introduces Christianity into Iceland.
0982? The Norwegians discover Greenland.
0985 Icelander Eric the Red discovers America.
0985? Norwegians set out with 25 ships to colonize Greenland.  Only 14 make it.
0985 Eric the Red colonises Greenland.
0986 The great cattle murrain appears in England for the first time.
0991 Ipswich is plundered.  Alderman Britnoth is killed at Maidon.  Archbishop Siric suggests that tribute should be given to the Danes for the great terror they occasion by the sea coast.  This resolution is adopted for the first time, and a payment of 10 thousand pounds is then made.
0992 It is asserted at a council of the church that scarcely a single person is to be found in Rome itself who knows the first elements of letters.
0995 A comet appears.
1000? A Jewish princess, Judith, conceives the design of murdering all the members of the royal family of Abyssinia, and of establishing herself in their stead.
1000? The Chams abandon Indrapura.
1000? The Chams relocate their headquarters in    Vijaya in modern Binh Dinh.
1000? Goldfish are domesticated in China.
1000? Lyef, son of Eric the Red, discovers Newfoundland (Helluland), Nova Scotia (Markland), and the mainland of North America (Vinland).
1001 The Moslems make their first inroads into India from over the north-west border under their great leader Mahmud of Ghazni.   He first invades the plains of the Panjab, then Multan, then other places.
1002 The king and his council agree that tribute should be given to the Danish fleet, and peace made with them, with the provision that they should desist from their mischief.  The king sends Alderman Leofsy to the Danish fleet.  The Danes accept the king's conditions, and receive food and a payment of 24 thousand pounds.  Alderman Leofsy kills Eafy, high-steward of the king, and the king banishes him from the land.  During lent, the Lady Elfgive Emma, Richard's daughter, comes to England.  Archbishop Eadulf dies.  The king gives an order to kill all the Danes in England, and this is done on the mass-day of St.  Brice.
1003 Thorfinn Karlsefne founds a colony on American soil.  He is the husband of the widow of Leif's brother, Thorstein.  It is discontinued three years later on account of the hostility of the Esquimaux.
1005 There is a great famine in England so severe that no man ere remembered such.
1012 The Saxons defeat the Danes at Hocktide.
1013 Svein the Dane takes the English throne.
1014 On the eve of St.  Michael's day, a tsunami strikes England.  It spread wide over England, and ran so far up as it never did before, overwhelming many towns, and an innumerable multitude of people.
1014 Svein dies.  His eldest son, Knut, 18, cuts the feet and noses off his father's hostages, leaves them at Sandwich, and sails for Denmark.
1015 Olaf Haraldson gives up vikingism and returns to Norway, where he subdues several Jarls and becomes king.
1017 King Knute (the Dane) takes the whole government of England, and divides it into four parts.  He takes Wessex for himself, East Anglia for Thurkyll, Mercia for Edric, and Northumbria for Eric.  The following persons are killed in London: Alderman Edric; Norman, son of Alderman Leofwin; Ethelward, son of Ethelmar the Great; and Britric, son of Elfege of Devonshire.  King Knute also banishes Edwy etheling, whom he afterwards ordered to be slain, and Edwy, king of the churls.  Before the calends of August the king gave an order to fetch him the widow of the other king, Ethelred, the daughter of Richard, to wife.
1021 Mahmud raids Kalinga.
1021 The Dai Viet attack Champa.
1023 Mahmud raids Kathiawar.
1026 The Dai Viet attack Champa.
1027 Olaf Haraldson defeats Knut in a sea battle At Lymfjord, in Jutland.  Knut escapes.
1028 King Knute goes to Norway with fifty ships manned by English thanes, and drives King Olave from the land, which he entirely secures to himself.
1030 July 29 There is an eclipse of the sun, and the Bonders kill Olaf at Stickelstad.
1030 Famine strikes England.  Human flesh is cooked and sold.
1031 King Knute goes to Rome.  After he returns, he goes to Scotland, and  Malcolm, king of the Scots, submits to him, and became his man, with two other kings, Macbeth and Jehmar; but he held his allegiance a little while only.  Robert, Earl of Normandy, goes to Jerusalem, where he dies.
1032 A wild fire appears "such as no man ever remembered before," which does great damage in many places.
1035 On the second day before the ides of November, King Knute dies at Shaftesbury.
1039 There is a terrible wind.
1039 The sester of wheat goes up to fifty-five pence, and even further.
1041 The seasons do not occur at their right times, and so much cattle perish as no man before remembers, some by various diseases, and others by tempests.
1044 There is very great hunger over all England, and corn so dear as no man remembers.  The sester of wheat rises to sixty pence and more.
1044 the Dai Viet sack Vijaya under Lý Thái Tông.  Cham King Sa Dau is killed.  Champa begins to pay tribute to Viet kings.
1046 After Candlemas follows a severe winter, with frost and snow and all kinds of bad weather.  There is no man alive who can remember so severe a winter as this one, both for loss of men and for loss of cattle.  Even birds and fishes perish from excessive cold and hunger.
1048 Pope Benedict IX abdicates.
1048 The winter is very severe.  on the calends of May,  there is an earthquake in many places--at Worcester, Wick, Derby, and elsewhere wide throughout England--with very great loss by disease of men and of cattle over all England; and the wild fire in Derbyshire and elsewhere did much harm.
1053 On the mass-night of St.  Thomas, there is a great wind, which does much harm everywhere.  There are also strong winds throughout mid-winter.
1054 There is a great loss of cattle such as is not remembered for many winters before.
1054 Chinese astronomers watch in awe as a star in the constellation, Torus, grows brighter.  Visible even by day, it is a supernova that happened 6 thousand years ago.  Its remnants later become known as the Crab Nebula.
1056 Pegu comes under the rule of Burmese from Bagan.
1057 Isleif is ordained first Bishop of Skalholt, in Iceland.
1059 Nicolas II restricts elections to the College of Cardinals by a two- thirds vote, and gives to the German emperor the right of confirmation.  Up to this time elections have been made by the whole body of the Roman clergy, and the concurrence of the magistrates and citizens has been necessary.
1060 On the Translation of St.  Martin, there is a great earthquake.  King Henry dies in France.
1065 Oliver, a monk of Malmesbury, makes himself wings like those supposed to have been used by Daedalus, attaches them to his hands and feet, and attempts to fly.
1065 The Chams send a white rhino as tribute to the Viet king.
1066 October 14 Earl William of Normandy defeats Harold at the battle of Hastings.  William, whose grandfather was a Norse pirate, becomes king of England.
1066 The Church of Rome begins its great centralizing movement.
1066 On the 8th before the calends of May, A comet appears.
1067 Malcolm of Scotland marries Princess Margaret, exiled daughter of Harold, against her will.  He loves her, and becomes a "Christian," evidently the first "Christian" king in Scotland.
1068 King Rudravarman (Che Cu) of Vijaya attacks the Dai Viet.  The Viet defeat Champa and capture and burn Vijaya.
1069 Viet general Ly Thuong Kiet takes a fleet to Champa, occupies Vijaya, and captures Rudravarman.
1070 There is a great famine.
1074 King Harivarman IV takes the throne, restoring the temples at My Son and ushering in a period of relative prosperity in Champa.
1077 One night before the Assumption of St.  Mary, London burns.  It is the most terrible fire in London so far.
1077 Henry IV of Germany is forced to make an ignominious peace with Pope Gregory VI (Hildebrand).
1077 Three nights before Candlemas, the moon is eclipsed.
1080 a Khmer army attacks Vijaya and other centers in northern Champa sacking Temples and monasteries and carrying off cultural treasures.
1080? A new dynasty from the Korat Plateau in modern Thailand occupies the throne of Angkor in Cambodia.
1082 There is a great famine.
1084 The northern kings reunite Vietnam after a leader in southern Champa rebels and establishes an independent kingdom.
1084? St Bruno establishes the Carthusian order.
1086 There is a very heavy season, and a swinkful and sorrowful year in England, in murrain of cattle, and corn and fruits are at a stand, and so much untowardness in the weather, as a man may not easily think; so tremendous is the thunder and lightning that it kills many men; and it continually grows worse and worse with men.
1087 There is a very heavy and pestilent season in England.  Almost every other man is sick with such a dreadful kind of diarrhoea that many lose their lives.  Then, because the weather has been so bad, there is such a great famine over all England that many hundreds of men die a miserable death of starvation.  People lie sick at the point of death, and then sharp hunger comes to dispatch them.  On the next day after the Nativity of St.  Mary, King William dies in Normandy.  The Moslems make inroads upon the Christians, and reduce much of the country to their dominion in Spain.  King Alphonzo sends to various countries for help, and the "Christians" succeed in killing or driving back the Moslems off their lands.
1089 On the third day before the ides of August, There is much earth-stirring over all of England.  It is a very late year in corn, and in every kind of fruits, so that many men reap their corn about Martinmas or later.
1093 Malcolm dies in battle with the English at the hands of his friends.  When Queen Margaret (whom he once forced to marry him against her will) hears this, "her most beloved lord and son thus betrayed, she was in her mind almost distracted to death."
1095 At the council of Clermont, in France, the Pope gets up, describes the terrible horrors which the infidels have inflicted upon the Holy Land, gives a glowing description of this country which has been overflowing with milk and honey ever since the days of Moses, and exhorts the knights of France and the people of Europe in general to leave wife and child and deliver Palestine from the Turks.
1095 Easter of this year is on the eighth day before the calends of April, and upon Easter, on the night of the feast of St Ambrose, that is, the second before the nones of April, over nearly all this land, and almost all night long, myriads of stars are seen to fall from heaven, not by ones or by twos, but so thick in succession that no man can count them.  This same year also the weather is very unseasonable, so that throughout all England the fruits of the earth are reduced to a moderate crop.
1095 The crusades begin, alerting the West to trade opportunities in the East.
1096 Pope Urbane II raises an army of 35 thousand men and sends them to recapture the Holy Land from the Moslems.  The second crusade begins.  An immense multitude depart england with their wives and children to make war upon the heathen.
1097 Upon the feast of St.  Michael, the fourth day before the nones of October, an uncommon star is seen shining in the evening and setting quickly.  It lies in the southwestern sky, and there is what appears to be a long ray standing off from it shining southeastward.  It continues to appear in this way every night for a week.  Many people suppose that it is a comet.  Bad weather makes farming laborious beyond measure, both when men attempt to till the land and to gather the harvest.
1098 In the summer, many reliable men say that they have seen a pool welling with blood at Finchamstead in Berkshire.  Before Michaelmas, the sky is of such a hue that it appears as if it were burning almost all night long.  It rains so abundantly and so ceaselessly throughout the year that nearly all the crops in the marshlands are destroyed.
1098 Stephen Harding founds the Cistercian monastic order of reformed Benedictines.
1099 The crusaders invade Palestine.  Their hold upon Jerusalem lasts less than a century.
1099 During the festival of St.  Martin, on the first day of the new moon, the sea flood springs up to such a height and does so much harm that no one can remember it ever having been so high before.
1100 At Pentecost, many people say that they have seen blood welling from the earth at a certain town in Berkshire.  On the morning after Lammas day, King William is shot by an arrow from his own men during a hunt.
1100 The Aphorisms of Hippocrates, in Arabia, the manuscript of which bears this date, has been pronounced the oldest specimen of linen paper that has come to light.
1100 Arabic manuscripts are at this time written on satin paper, and embellished with a quantity of ornamental work, painted in such gay and resplendent colors that the reader might behold his face reflected as if from a mirror.
1103 Blood is seen rising from the earth at Hamstead, in Berkshire.  This is a very calamitous year in England, through manifold impositions, murrain of cattle, and deficiency of produce, not only in corn, but in every kind of fruit.  In the morning, on the mass day of St.  Laurence, the wind did more harm on land to all fruits than any man can remember before.
1104 The first day of Pentecost is on the nones of June, and on the following Tuesday, at midday, four circles of a white hue are seen about the sun, each described under the other as if they were measured.  No one remembered seeing such a thing before.
1105? a house for Austin canons is founded at Colchester, England.
1106 On the night preceding the Lord's Supper, that is, the Thursday before Easter, the fourteenth day of the moon, two moons are seen in the heavens before day, the one in the east, and the other in the west, both full.
1106 In the first week of Lent, on Friday, the fourteenth before the calends of March, in the evening, a comet appears in the southwest.  It seems to be little and dark, but its tail is very bright, and appears like an immense beam shining northeastward.  It continues to appear every evening for a long time.  One evening, the tail appears to be moving itself forward against the star.  Some say they have seen more of such unusual stars at this time.
1109 Tremendous thunderstorms are frequent.
1110 The Crusaders capture Ptolemais from the Arabs.
1110 May 5 (early evening) The moon, now a fortnight old, appears bright, then gradually diminishes until by nightfall it has completely disappeared.  The sky is clear, and the stars shine very bright over all of the heavens.  The fruits of the trees are sorely nipt by frost.  The moon continues to be invisible until just before dawn, when it appears shining full and bright.
1110 June For many nights, a star appears in the northeast with its train towards the southwest.  As the night advances, and it rises higher, its train will be seen going back toward the northwest.
1111 The winter is very long and severe.  the fruits of the earth are sorely marred, and there is the greatest murrain of cattle that any man can remember.
1111 Earliest use of the water - compass by Chinese.
1112 This is a very good and fruitful year in wood and field, but it is a very heavy and sorrowful time because of a severe mortality amongst men.
1114 In the latter end of May, an uncommon star with a long train is seen shining many nights.  One day, the tide ebbs lower than anyone could remember.  The water is so low that men go riding and walking over the Thames eastward of London bridge.  There are very violent winds in October, but it is immoderately rough in the night of the octave of St.  Martin.
1115 The winter is so sever, with snow and with frost, that no man living can remember its equal.  The cold causes great destruction of cattle.
1116 The winter is very strong and very long for cattle and for all things.
1117 In the night of the calends of December, there are immoderate storms, with thunder and lightning and rain and hail.  In the night of the third day before the ides of December, the moon is as if covered with blood during a long time of the night, and afterwards eclipsed.  In the night of the seventeenth day before the calends of January, the sky appears very red, as if it were burning.  On the octave of St.  John the Evangelist, there is a great earthquake in Lombardy, the shock of which topples many minsters, towers, and houses, causing much harm to men.  This is a very blighted year in corn because of the rains that scarcely cease for nearly the whole year.
1118 One evening in the week of the Epiphany, there is a great deal of lightning, followed by unusual thunder.  On the feast of St.  Thomas, there is so very immoderately violent a wind that no man living can remember any greater.  The damage can be seen everywhere in houses and trees.
1119 Norbert founds the Premonstratensian regular canons, or White canons, a reformed branch of the Austin canons.
1119 On the eve of the mass of St.  Michael there is much earth-heaving in some places in England--most of all in Glocestershire and Worcestershire.
1121 The moon is eclipsed in the night of the nones of April, being a fortnight old.  In the night of the eve of "Natalis Domini" there is a very violent wind over all this land.
1122 The Tuesday after Palm Sunday, on the eleventh day before the calends of April, there is a very violent wind.  The eighth night before the calends of August, there is a very violent earthquake over all Somersetshire and in Glocestershire.  On the sixth day before the ides of September, which is on the festival of St.  Mary, there is a very violent wind from the fore part of the day to the depth of the night.
1124 The seasons are very unfavourable in England for corn and all fruits.  Between Christmas and Candlemas men sell the acre-seed of wheat, that is two seedlips, for six shillings; and the barley, that is three seedlips, for six shillings also; and the acre-seed of oats, that is four seedlips, for four shillings.  This is because corn is scarce, and the penny is so adulterated that a man who has a pound at a market can not exchange twelve pence of it for anything.
1125 on St.  Laurence's day, there is such a great flood that many towns and men are overwhelmed.  Bridges are broken down.  Corn and meadows are spoiled.  There are hunger and qualm in men and cattle.  In all fruits there is such unseasonableness as has not been known for many years.
1129 On the night of the mass of St.  Nicholas, a little before day, there is a great earthquake.
1130 The Pandects of Justinian are discovered at Amalfi.
1131 On the third day before the ides of January, a Monday night after Christmas, at the first sleep, the heaven on the northern hemisphere is all as if it were burning fire, so that all who see it are dismayed as they have never been before.  There is so great a murrain of cattle as never was before in the memory of man over all England.  That is in neat cattle and in swine, so that in a town where there are ten ploughs going, or twelve, there is not left one, and the man that had two hundred or three hundred swine, has not one left.  After this the hen fowls perish.  Then there are shortages of meat, cheese, and butter.
1131 Stephen II of Hungary abdicates.
1132 Fountains Abbey, a Cistercian house, is founded in England.
1135 There is an eclipse of the sun in which the sun is as it were a three night old moon with the stars about it at midday.  Men are very much astonished and terrified, and say that a great event should come hereafter.
1135? Angkor attacks    Dai Viet and is rebuffed.
1140 During Lent, on the thirteenth day before the kalends of April, there is an eclipse of the sun.
1145? The Copheral Turks invade Persia with a great army, destroy Rei, and carry off vast spoils into the desert.
1145 A Khmer army under King Suryavarman II, the founder of Angkor Wat, occupies Vijaya and destroys the temples at My Son in Champa.
1149 King Jaya Harivarman of Panduranga defeats the Khmer invaders from Angkor and has himself consecrated king of kings in Vijaya.
1150 The monk, Gratian, collects the various papal edicts, the canons of councils, and the declarations of the Fathers and Doctors of the Church in a volume called "The Decretum."  This is considered the earliest authority in canon law.
1154 Edrisi, geographer to King Roger of Sicily, produces his geography.
1159 - 73. Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela visits the Persian Gulf; reports on India.
1165 A forged letter, supposedly written by Prester John, is circulated widely in Europe, tantalizing readers with the possibility of a Christian kingdom in the East.
1167 King Jaya Indravarman IV ascends the throne in Champa.
1169 Albert (the Bear) of Brandenburg abdicates.
1170 Jaya Indravarman secures peace with the Dai Viet and invades Cambodia with inconclusive results.
1177 Under Jaya Indravarman the Chams launch a surprise attack on the Khmer capital of Yasodharapura from warships piloted up the Mekong River to lake Tonle Sap in Cambodia.  They sack the capital, kill the Khmer king, and make off with much booty.
1180? The compass first mentioned by Alexander Neckam.
1181 The Japanese and Chinese record the 3C58 supernova.
1181 The new King Jayavarman VII rallies the Khmer and drives the Cham from Cambodia.
1183? Saladin takes Hamtab, the strong castle of Aintab,  an important strategic point.
1187 October Saladin enters Jerusalem.
1187 July 3 Saladin and 12 thousand men destroy the Crusaders at Chatim.
1187 September 4 An eclipse overshadows Palestine and causes much terror at Jerusalem.  Ascalon surrenders to Saladin.
1190 Cham king Jaya Indravarman IV attacks Cambodia. Khmer king Jayavarman VII appoints a Cham prince named Vidyanandana to lead the Khmer army.  Vidyanandana defeats the Cham invaders, occupies Vijaya, and captures Jaya Indravarman, whom he sends back to Angkor as a prisoner.
1191 After studies in the southern Zen school, Yeisai-zenji returns to Japan from the Sung empire with tea seeds.
1203 Khmer king Jayavarman VII's generals take Vijaya, and Champa effectively becomes a province of Angkor.
1204 The Crusaders take Constantinople.  They expose the pens and inkstands that they find in the conquered city to public ridicule as the ignoble arms of a contemptible race of students.
1205 The Crusaders sack Constantinople, destroying many ancient artifacts and manuscripts.
1206 Ladislaus III of Poland abdicates.
1206 The people of Achin, Sumatera, convert to Islam.
1213 One of the arches of the AlcVntara bridge is broken down.
1213 King John of England is forced to make an ignominious peace with the Pope.
1215 The power of the Inquisition is frightfully increased, the necessity of private confession to a priest--auricular confession--being at that time formally established.
1215 June 15 King John signs the Magna Carta on a little island in the Thames near the village of Runnymede.
1220 Champa regains independence from the Khmers.
1221 Frederick II, of Germany, foreseeing evils that might arise from bad paper, decrees invalid all public documents that should be put on cotton paper, and orders them to be transcribed upon parchment within two years.
1222 There is a split in the University of Bologna.  The discontented teachers and their pupils move to Padua and found a new university there.
1224 The Jenghiz Khan Tartars invade Russia for the first time.  The Slavic armies are beaten near the Kalka river and Russia is at the mercy of the Mongols.
1226 Genghiz Khan's Golden Horde takes Karakoto.
1227 Genghis Khan dies.
1228 Under their king Su-ka-pha, the Ahom (Aham)  tribe invades Assam from the East giving their name to the country.  They are a tribe of Shan descent.  The Ahoms, together with the Shans of Burma and Eastern China and the Siamese, are members of the Tai race.  The name is believed to be a corruption of the word "A-sam," the latter part of which is identical with "Shan" (properly "Sham") and with "Siam."
1237 The Tartars return to Russia.  In less than five years they conquer every part of the vast Russian plains.  The Slavs are subjected to great humiliation.
1238 The Khmer lose control of their western possessions around Sukhothai as the result of a Thai revolt.
1240 the Abbey of Hulne, near Alnwick, is founded.  This is the first convent of the Carmelite or White Friars order in England.
1243 Pope Innocent IV introduces The Inquisition.  It is established in Italy, Spain, Germany, and the southern provinces of France.  Before this there has been no centralized special tribunal against heretics.
1244 Jerusalem becomes definitely Turkish.
1252 Maja pahit drives Sri Iskandar Syhah (the Malays) from Singapura.
1252 Maja pahit subdues the country of Indragiri in Sumatra.
1253 An army under Kublai Khan partially conquers Yunan Province in China.
1253 Malay king Sri Iskandar Syhah founds Malaka.
1255 King Bella IV builds his stronghold against Mongol invaders on Castle Hill in Buda (part of Budapest), Hungary.
1255 William Ruysbroek (Rubruquis), a Fleming, visits Karakorum.
1258 Famine strikes England.  fifteen thousand persons die of hunger in London.
1258 February 10The Mongols take Bagdad.
1259 A Mogul embassy is received at Delhi by an escort of 50 thousand horse, and is led past lines of infantry numbering as many as 200 thousand in their ranks.
1260? Malaka is founded.
1260 - 71. The brothers Nicolo and Maffeo Polo, father and uncle of Marco Polo, make their first trading venture through Central Asia.
1264 Kublai Khan sends Abasa and Vensaasin with a fleet and a great army to conquer Japan.
1265 Henry III gives orders that a few commoner representatives of the cities be called upon to attend the sessions of his Great Council.  This is the beginning of an English parliament.
1271 - 95. The Polos make their second journey, accompanied by Marco Polo; and about 1275 arrived at the Court of Kublai Khan in Shangfu, whence Marco Polo was entrusted with several missions to Cochin China, Khanbalig (Pekin), and the Indian Seas.
1275 Marco Polo meets Kublai Khan.
1276 The Malays of Melaka adopt Islam.
1276 Sultan Muhammed Shah (first Moslem sultan) ascends the throne of Malaka.
1277 Marco Polo is nominated a second-class commissioner or agent attached to the Privy Council under Kublai Khan.
1279 The Yuan dynasty gains power in China.
1280 Kublai Khan turns his attention to the Cham and Viet kingdoms located in the territory of modern Vietnam.
1280 Hereford map of Richard of Haldingham.
1281 The Japanese successfully resist the Mongol invasion that cuts off the Sung dynasty in China.
1283 Mongol troops under General Sogetu of the Yuan dynasty invade Champa and occupy Vijaya.
1284 The Ebstorf _Mappa Mundi_.
1285 A Chinese minister of finance is deposed for his arbitrary  augmentation of the tea-taxes. --Marco Polo.
1287 Bagan falls to the Mongols.
1287 Pegu regains independence.
1288 The first musician's guild is formed in Vienna.
1290 Singhasari defeats Srivijaya in Sumatera.
1290? (before 1290ad) The normal Portulano compiled in Barcelona.
1292 The Polos set sail homeward from Zayton with a Mongol princess in their charge.
1292 Friar John of Monte Corvino, travels in India, and afterwards becomes Archbishop of Pekin.
1293 The earliest known watermark on linen paper represents a picture of a tower and is dated 1293.
1293 Ala-ud-din Khilji, nephew of the king of Delhi, captures Devagiri.
1293 Kublai Khan sends 1 thousand ships and 20-30 thousand men to punish Singhasari king Kertanegara in Java.
1294 December 13 Pope Celestine V abdicates.
1296 John Baliol of Scotland abdicates.
1299 Marco Polo is released from prison in Genoa.
1300 French king Philip the Fair dares to stand against the Pope.
1302 The Ghibellines (people in favor of a larger political union in Italy) are driven out of Florence.
1302 Commoner representatives of the cities are admitted to the meeting of the French Parliament.
1307 Cham King Jaya Simhavarman III (Che Man), founder of the still extant temple of Po Klaung Garai in Panduranga, cedes two northern districts to the Dai Viet in exchange for the hand of a Viet princess.  He dies and she escapes the pyre by returning north.
1309 Malik Kafur, the celebrated general, sweeps into the Dakhan with an immense force and captures Warangal.
1310 Malik Kafur takes the old capital of the Hoysala Ballalas at Dvarasamudra, erects a mosque on the Malabar coast, and returns to his master with enormous booty.
1312 Philip the Fair, of France, gets Pope Clement V to abolish the order of the Templars, and burns his own Templars at the stake and steals all their possessions.
1312 - 31. Abulfeda composes his geography.
1314 the Daneholf, the ancient national assembly, is re-established  In Denmark.
1316 - 30. Odorico di Pordenone, a Minorite friar, travels through India, by way of Persia, Bombay, and Surat, to Malabar, the Coromandel coast, and thence to China and Tibet.
1318 Mubarak of Delhi marches to Devagiri, flays Prince Haripala Deva alive, and sets his head up at the gate.
1320 Flavio Gioja of Amalfi invents the compass box and card.
1321 Dante dies in Ravenna.
1323 The Moslems destroy the kingdom of Warangal.
1324 Marco Polo dies.
1325 Muhammad Taghlaq accedes to the throne of Delhi.
1325 - 78. Ibn Batuta, an Arab of Tangier, after performing the Mecca pilgrimage through N. Africa, visits Syria, Quiloa (E. Africa), Ormuz, S. Russia, Bulgaria, Khiva, Candahar, and attached himself to the Court of Delhi, 1334 - 42, whence he was despatched on an embassy to China. After his return he visited Timbuctoo.
1326 The Ottomans take Bursa.
1327 It is reckoned that half the Christian world is under excommunication by the Church of Rome.
1327 - 72. Sir John Mandeville said to have written his travels in India.
1328 Friar Jordanus of Severac. Bishop of Quilon.
1328 - 49. John de Marignolli, a Franciscan friar, made a mission to China, visited Quilon in 1347, and made a pilgrimage to the shrine of St. Thomas in India in 1349.
1333 September 12 Ibn Batuta (Sheik Abu' Abdullah Muhammad), a native of Tangiers, arrives at the Indus River.  He seems to have resided in India till 1342.
1334 Ternate Sultan Syah Aalem subjugates Makian.
1334 Sultan Modafar Shah ascends the throne of Malaka.
1334 After a reign of one year and five months, Sultan Abu Shahid of Malaka is murdered by the king of Arrakan.
1336 The city and kingdom of Vijayanagar are founded.
1338 Peter II, of Spain, publicly commands the paper-makers of Valencia and Xativa to make their paper of a better quality and equal to that of an earlier period.
1339 Angelico Dulcert of Majorca draws a Portulano.
1340 Edward III of England wins a battle from the French and Flemings with 260 ships.
1340? The king of Siam invades Malaya, and in a second expedition lays siege to Malaka.  His armies are defeated by general Sri Nara Dirija.
1340 In India a fort is built at Badami by permission of Harihara.
1344 Krishna, son of Pratapa Rudra of Warangal, takes refuge at Vijayanagar.  With the cooperation of its king and the surviving Ballala princes of Dvarasamudra, he drives back the Moslems, temporarily rescues part of the Southern Dakhan country, and prepares the way for the overthrow of the sovereignty of Delhi south of the Vindhyas.
1345 The Academy of Toulouse is founded.  It becomes known as "the Academy of Floral Games," because it represents the gay literature of the south of France.
1347 Muhammad Taghlaq goes to Gujarat.
1347 The Dakhan revolt against Muhammad Taghlaq.
1348 Plague comes from the East along the lines of commercial travel, and spreads all over Europe.  One-third of the population of France is destroyed.
1349 Rome is struck by an earthquake. "  A large part of the western arcades of the Coloseum seem to have collapsed.
1351 The Medicean Portulano compiled.
1355 The Turks invade Europe.  They eventually overrun most of the Balkan country, and take Constantinople in 1453.
1355 John Cantacuzene, emperor of the East abdicates.
1359 Representatives of the people attend the sessions of the Riksdag at the first meeting of the year In Sweden.
1360 - 1390 Reign of Che Bunga (Che Bong Nga, or "The Red King"), last strong King of Champa.  He apparently manages to unite Champa.
1363 Edward 3 of England issues an edict forbidding commoners from wearing shoes with elongated toes, and restricting the toes of noblemen's shoes to 24 inches.
1367 roused to rebellion by a dreadful famine in which thirteen millions of the inhabitants of China perish, the native Chinese expel their degenerate Mogul oppressors.  The great khan becomes a wanderer in the desert.
1368 Start of the Ming dynasty in China.  Dynasty lasts until 1644.
1370 Tamerlane becomes absolute sovereign of Zagatai (Transoxiana).
1371 Sir Walter Manny founds the Charterhouse of London.  This is the most historically celebrated Carthusian house in England.
1372 Mongol King Karabator defends Karakoto against the Ming Chinese armies.  The Chinese divert the Black River, which flowed just outside the fortress.  Karabator murders his family, then commits suicide.  The Ming finally attack and slaughter the defenders of Karakoto like livestock.
1372 Che Bunga attacks and almost conquers Dai Viet from the sea.
1372 Cham forces sack Thang Long, the capital city of Dai Viet located at the site of modern Hanoi.
1374 Malaka Sultan Modafar Syah dies. His son, originally named Sultan Abdul, takes the title of Sultan Mansur Shah upon his accession.
1375 Cresquez, the Jew, of Majorca, improves Dulcert's Portulano (Catalan map).
1376 An attack from Ayutthaya absorbs Sukhothai in Thailand.
1376 The papacy is restored from France to the eternal city.
1377 Cham forces again sack Thang Long, the capital city of Dai Viet.
1380? Sultan Mansur Shah of Malaka marries Radin Gala Chendra Kiran, daughter of the king of Maja Pahit.  Indragiri is assigned to him as her portion.
1380 Dmitry Donskoi, Grand Duke of Moscow, beats the Tartars on the plains of Kulikovo.
1380 Norway is united to the crown of Denmark.  Iceland is incorporated, without resistance, into the Danish monarchy.
1388 Cham forces attack Thang Long, the but this time they are repulsed by Vietnamese General Ho Quy Ly, future founder of the Ho Dynasty.
1389 The Turks beat the Serbs in the battle of Kossova.  Serbia becomes a tributary of the Turkish empire.
1390 Ulman Strother starts his paper mill at Nuremberg in Bavaria.  It is the first paper mill known to have been established in Germany, and is said to be the only one in Europe manufacturing paper from linen rags.
1390 Cham king Che Bunga dies.
1392 The Ye dynasty begins rule in Korea.
1393 The Emperor (in Constantinople), Manuel Paleologue, sends Emmanuel Chrysoloras to western Europe to explain the desperate state of old Byzantium and to ask for aid.  This aid never comes.  The Roman Catholic world is more than willing to see the Greek Catholic world go to the punishment that awaits such wicked heretics.
1397? Thomas Holland, duke of Surrey, founds The Yorkshire Charterhouse of Mount Grace.
1398 Tamerlane releases flaming camels across the battlefield to take Delhi.
1399 September 29 Richard II of England abdicates.
1400 The Travels of Sir John Mandeville is published.  It is a fictitious account of travels in the east.
1400? Jehan Bethencourt re - discovers the Canaries.
1402 The kingdom of Malacca is founded by Prince Paramesvara, a refugee from Sumatera.
1402 The Spanish discover the Canary Islands.
1402 The plague breaks out in Iceland.  Two-thirds of the population dies.
1402 Work is begun on the cathedral of Seville.
1405 Tamerlane (Tamburlaine) dies.
1406 November 5 Bukka is followed on the throne of Vijayanagar by his brother, Deva Raya I.
1411 Ahmad Shah founds AHMEDABAD (AHMADABAD) on the site of several Hindu towns.
1414? Henry V founds the Carthusian house of Sheen or Richmond in Surrey, the wealthiest and most magnificent in England.
1415 Pope John XXIII abdicates.
1415 John Huss is burned for his heresies by the Council of Constance.
1418 Prince Henry the Navigator founds his navigation academy.
1419 Prince Henry the Navigator establishes a geographical seminary at Sagres (died 1460).
1419 - 40. Nicolo Conti, a noble Venetian, travels throughout Southern India and along the Bombay coast.
1420 Zarco discovers Madeira.
1424 or 1425 Ahmad Shah captures and utterly destroys the kingdom of Warangal.  It is annexed to the Bahmani kingdom.
1430 Joan of Arc is taken at the battle of Compiegne.  Her Burgundian captors sell her to the English soldiers.  The English burn her as a witch.
1430? Islam is introduced into Tidore.
1431 The Khmers abandon Angkor after an attack from Ayutthaya, in Thailand.
1432 Gonsalo Cabral re - discovers the Azores.
1437 The Inca ruler withdraws to the Vilcabamba region.
1438 Cusco is rebuilt by an Inca emperor.
1439 Eric VII of Denmark abdicates.
1439 Eric XIII of Sweden abdicates.
1440 The last word is received from the settlers of Greenland.  Very likely they all died of the Black Death, which had just killed half the people of Norway.
1442 Nuno Tristao reaches Cape de Verde.
1442 - 44. Abd - ur - Razzak, during an embassy to India, visited Calicut, Mangalore, and Vijayanagar.
1444 Murad II, Ottoman Sultan abdicates.
1445 Murad II, Ottoman Sultan abdicates.
1446 The Dai Viet under the leadership of Trinh Kha invade Champa and Vijaya falls.
1447 the year chicome-acatl ("7 reeds").  The rebuilding of the great temple in Mexico begins.
1447 Sultan Ala wa eddin ascends the throne of Malaka.
1447 A Cham counter attack drives the Viet from Vijaya.
1450 The building of Machu Pichu is begun.
1453 The eastern Roman Empire is conquered by the Turks.  Constantine Paleologue, the last Roman Emperor, is killed on the steps of the Church of the Holy Sophia.  A few years before, Zoe, the daughter of his brother Thomas, has married Ivan III of Russia, so the grand-dukes of Moscow fall heir to the traditions of Constantinople.
1453 April 22 (?) Turkish conquerer Memet II seizes Istanbul (Constantinople) and makes it the seat of the Ottoman Empire.
1453 The Turks plunder Constantinople.
1453 The Turks take Constantinople.
1456 Halley's comet arrives.  So tremendous is its apparition that it is necessary for the pope himself to interfere.  He exorcises and expells it from the skies.  It slinks away into the abysses of space, terror-stricken by the maledictions of Calixtus III, and does not venture back for seventy-five years!
1457 Fra Mauro's map.
1458 Constantinople is taken by the Turks.
1462 Pedro de Cintra reaches Sierra Leone.
1466 The first Moslem sultan reigns in Ternate.  His reign lasts until 1486.
1468 - 74. Athanasius Nikitin, a Russian, travels from the Volga, through Central Asia and Persia, to Gujerat, Cambay, and Chaul, whence he proceeded inland to Bidar and Golconda.
1469 middle of the year) Mahmud Gawan, Muhammad's minister, marches west and attacks Goa by sea and land.  The Moslems capture Goa, a possession of the Raya of Vijayanagar, and gain a monopoly over coastal trade.
1469 Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile are married.  This unites Spain into a single kingdom.  They drive the moors from Granada.
1470 Columbus marries the daughter of an Italian navigator living in Lisbon.  With her, he inherits some valuable Portuguese charts and maritime journals.  he settles in Lisbon and takes up chart-making as a means of livelihood.
1470 The Dai Viet invade Champa led by Emperor Le Thanh Tong.
1470 The Dai Viet invade Champa led by Emperor Le Thanh Tong.
1471 The Dai Viet of northern Vietnam obliterate Vijaya.
1471 March 21 After four days of fighting, the Viet army obliterates Vijaya. King Tra-Toan is captured and dies a short time later.  At least 60 thousand Cham people are killed and 30 thousand are taken as slaves.
1471 Alonzo, King of Portugal, takes Tangier from the Moors.
1471 Fernando Poo discovers his island.
1471 Pedro d'Escobar crosses the line.
1474 Toscanelli's map (foundation of Behaim globe and Columbus' guide).
1475? Francisco Pizarro is born.  He dies in 1541.
1477 Chaucer's Canterbury Tales are printed.
1477 February Colombo visits Iceland.
1478 tHE tURKS CAPTURE aTHENS.
1478 Armed with information gathered from Icelanders and Scottish fishermen, Columbus starts to devote himself to the quest of the western route to the Indies.
1478 March Muhammad penetrates to the capital of Orissa, mercilessly slaughtering the inhabitants and laying waste the countryside.
1478 November The Pope issues a bull for the detection and suppression of heresy.  This is done in response to a solicitation from Queen Isabella, who is under the influence of her confessor, Torquemada, a Dominican monk.
1478 The Javanese adopt Islam.
1478 Second printed edition of Ptolemy, with twenty - seven maps -  - practically the first atlas.
1480 A violent storm separates Sri Lanka from the Indian subcontinent.
1481 Torquemada is appointed inquisitor-general for Castile and Leon.  During this first year, two thousand victims are burnt in Andalusia.  besides these, many thousands are dug up from their graves and burnt.  seventeen thousand are fined or imprisoned for life.  Llorente, the historian of the Inquisition, computes that Torquemada and his collaborators, in the course of eighteen years, burnt at the stake ten thousand two hundred and twenty persons, six thousand eight hundred and sixty in effigy, and otherwise punished ninety-seven thousand three hundred and twenty-one.  This frantic priest destroyed Hebrew Bibles wherever be could find them, And burnt six thousand volumes of Oriental literature at Salamanca, under an imputation that they inculcated Judaism.
1481 March 13 Muhammad Shah sacks Ganji.
1484 Diego Cam discovers the Congo.
1486 Bartholomew Diaz, trying to find the land of Prester John by sea, reaches the southernmost point of Africa, and calls it the Storm Cape, on account of the strong winds which prevented him from continuing his voyage toward the east.
1486 Bartholomew Diaz rounds the Cape of Good Hope.
1487 The year, chicuei-acatl ("8 reeds").  The Great Temple in Mexico is consecrated.
1487 Pedro de Covilham, provided with letters of credit on the house of Medici, starts upon a land mission to find Prester John.  He crosses the Mediterranean to Egypt.  He reaches Aden.  He crosses the Persian Gulf and visits Goa and Calicut on the coast of India.  There he gets a great deal of news about the island of the Moon (Madagascar),which is supposed to lie halfway between Africa and India.
1487 Pedro de Covilham visits Ormuz, Goa, and Malabar, and afterwards settles in Abyssinia.
1490 Pedro de Covilham discovers that Prester John was the Black Negus (King) of Abyssinia, whose ancestors adopted Christianity in the fourth century.
1492 August 3 Friday Columbus leaves Palos with three little ships and a crew of 88 men, many of whom are criminals who have been offered indemnity of punishment if they join the expedition.  His largest vessel is less than 100 tons.  Two have no decks, but have high poops and enclosed sterns.
1492 October 12 At two o'clock in the morning, Columbus discovers land.
1492 October 12 Friday After 33 days at sea, Columbus lands on Guahani Island (San Salvador).
1492 March 30 The edict of expulsion is signed.  All unbaptized Jews, of whatever age, sex, or condition, are ordered to leave Spain by the end of the following July.  If they revisit it, they shall suffer death.  They may sell their effects and take the proceeds in merchandise or bills of exchange, but not in gold or silver.  In the glutted market that arises, they are unable to sell their goods.  No one wants to pay for what will be free in July.
1492 Discovery of America, by C.  Columbus.  Marco Polo's.  "Java-Major" appears on Martin Behaim's globe.
1492 Early in the year, a Tyrolese by the name of Schnups, travelling as the head of a scientific expedition for the Archbishop of Tyrol, and provided with the best letters of introduction and excellent credit, tries to reach the mythical town of Moscow.  He does not succeed.  When he reaches the frontiers of this vast Moscovite state, which is vaguely supposed to exist in the extreme Eastern part of Europe, he is firmly turned back.  No foreigners are wanted.
1492 January 2  The Moors surrender Granada, the last Moslem stronghold in Spain.
1492 April Columbus signs a contract with the King and Queen of Spain.
1492 Martin Behaim makes his globe.
1492 th September. Columbus starts from the Canaries.
1492 th October. Columbus lands at San Salvador (Watling Island).
1493 March 15 Columbus reaches Palos, and together with his "Indians," he hastens to Barcelona to tell his faithful patrons that he has been successful and that the road to the gold and the silver of Cathay and Zipangu is at the disposal of their most Catholic Majesties.
1493 February Columbus reaches the Azores in the middle of the month.  There the Portuguese threaten to throw him into jail.
1493 March Columbus arrives back in Hispaniola (Haiti) with 17 ships and 1,500 men.
1493 January 4 Columbus waves farewell to the 44 men of the little fortress of La Navidad, none of whom is ever again seen alive, and returns homeward.
1493 May 3 Bull of partition between Spain and Portugal issued by Pope Alexander VI.
1493 September. Columbus on his second voyage discovers Jamaica.
1494 To prevent conflict between Spain and Portugal, Pope Alexander VI divides the world into two equal parts along the 50th meridian.  This is what is known as the Division of Tordesillas.
1494 - 99. Hieronimo di Santo Stefano, a Genoese, visited Malabar and the Coromandel coast, Ceylon and Pegu.
1495? Jainalabidin, first Sultan of Ternate, goes to Java, where he receives instruction in the Moslem faith at Giri.
1495? Syphilis is first recognized in Europe.  This strain kills its human hosts within months.
1496 Columbus lands in Spain to find that his popularity has declined and the old enthusiasm has grown cold.
1496 John Cabot or Gabota, of Bristol, originally the Venetian pilot, Giovanni Caboto, discovers the continent of North America with four ships.
1496 Paccioli publishes "Arte Maggiore," or "Alghebra."
1497 July 9  An expedition of three ships sets sail for India under Vasco de Gama.
1497 Cabot explores the coast of Florida.
1497 and 1498 John and Sebastian Cabot try to find a passage to Japan.  They see nothing but the snowbound coasts and the rocks of Newfoundland, first sighted by the Northmen, five centuries before.
1497 November 20 Vasco de Gama doubles the Cape of Good Hope.
1497 Cape of Good Hope rounded by the Portuguese.
1497 Vasco da Gama rounds the Cape, sees Natal (Christmas Day) and Mozambique, lands at Zanzibar, and crosses to Calicut.
1497 John Cabot re - discovers Newfoundland.
1498 August 26 Vasco da Gama arrives close to Calicut.
1498 Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama becomes the first European navigator to reach India by rounding the Cape of Good Hope.
1498 Michelangelo completes his Pieta at St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome.
1498 May 19 Vasco de Gama reaches Calicut, on the coast of India.
1498 Columbus sails for the New World again, this time with six vessels.  He discovers the West Indies.  He also reaches Paria, near the mouth of the Orinoco, on the coast of South America, but he thinks it is only another island.
1498 Vasco da Gama reaches the coast of Malabar and returns safely to Lisbon with a cargo of spice.
1498 Columbus on his third voyage discovers Trinidad and the Orinoco.
1499? Giovanni Baptisti Danti experiments with a glider that seems to have worked some of the time.  He gets hurt when one of his wings is broken.
1499 Ojeda and Amerigo Vespucci discover Brazil.  Ojeda is one of Columbus' companions.
1499 Amerigo Vespucci discovers Venezuela.
1499 Pinzon discovers mouth of Amazon, and doubles Cape St. Roque.
1500 September 13 Cabral arrives at Calicut.
1500 Erasmus (Desiderius Erasmus, or  Gerard Gerardzoon) visits Sir Thomas More in England.  He takes a few weeks off and writes a little book called the "Praise of Folly," satirizing the monks and their credulous followers.  This booklet becomes the best seller of the 16th century.
1500? Rabbits are domesticated in Europe.
1500 Vicente Yagez Pinzon, in command of a Spanish expedition, discovers and ascends the Amazon to a point about 50 miles from the sea.
1500 Portuguese sea captain Diogo Dias sights Madagascar after his ship separates from a fleet going to India.
1500 Cortereal, a Portuguese, explores the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
1500 Pedro Cabral discovers Brazil on his way to Calicut.
1500 First map of the New World, by Juan de la Cosa.
1500 Corte Real lands at mouth of St. Lawrence, and re - discovers Labrador.
1501 The Portuguese found Salvador in Brazil.
1501 Cardan, of Milan, gives a method for the solution of cubic equations.
1501 Vespucci coasts down S. America and proves that it is a New World.
1501 Tristan d'Acunha discovers his island.
1501 Juan di Nova discovers the island of Ascension.
1502 May 9 Columbus sails from Spain with 170 men.
1502 Vasco da Gama visits the coast of Malabar again.
1502 Second Portuguese fleet sails for India.
1502 February A pragmatica is issued at Seville setting forth the obligations of the Castilians to drive the enemies of God from the land and ordering that all unbaptized Moors in the kingdoms of Castile and Leon above the age of infancy shall leave the country by the end of April.  They may sell their property, but not take away any gold or silver.  They are forbidden to emigrate to the Mohammedan dominions.  The penalty of disobedience is death.  Their condition is thus worse than that of the Jews, who had been permitted to go where they chose.
1502 June 29 Columbus arrives before San Domingo, but the new governor, Nicholas de Ovando, will not permit him to enter the harbour.  He continues westwards.
1502 Bermudez discovers his islands.
1502 - 4. Columbus on his fourth voyage explores Honduras.
1503 Third Portuguese fleet sails for India.
1503 - 8. Travels of Ludovico di Varthema in Further India.
1504 Lopo Soares comes to India with a fleet of fourteen caravels and proclaims a blockade of the port of Cochin.  The Rajah of Cochin had always shown great kindness and hospitality to the Portuguese.
1504 October 29 Vasco Da Gama reaches Calicut.  He immediately bombards the city.  In the port he seizes the inoffensive native fishermen and massacres 800 of them in cold blood.
1504 Columbus returns to Spain from his fourth voyage to the New World.
1504 Three Great Portuguese fleets dispatched to India.
1504 Vasco Da Gama returns to India proclaiming the king of Portugal lord of the seas, and wantonly destroying with all hands a large vessel having several hundred people on board near the Indian coast.
1504 Venice sends ambassadors to the Sultan of Turkey proposing the construction of a canal across the isthmus of Suez.
1505 Silver reals (pieces of eight), minted in Mexico, begin circulation in the New World.  These remain legal tender in the US until 1857.
1505 Francesco de Almeira establishes factories along the coast of Malabar.
1505 March A Portuguese fleet destroys a large flotilla of small boats belonging to the Rajah of Calicut with immense loss of life.
1505 The Portuguese arrive in Ceylon.
1505 Mascarenhas discovers the islands of Bourbon and Mauritius.
1506 Lodewijk di Bartomo visits the Moluccas.
1506 Columbus dies at age sixty, a disappointed man.
1507? Copernicus, a Prussian, completes a book "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies," which he dares not publish.
1507 end of year) Almeida and Da Cunha join forces and attack Calicut with some success.
1507 Portuguese sailors first visit Mauritius.
1507 Martin Waldseemueller proposes to call the New World America in his _Cosmographia_.
1508 April 8 Four ships under the command of Diogo Lopez de Sequeira set sail from Lisbon with orders from King Emanuel to explore and establish connexions in the eastern parts of Asia.
1508 Improvements to algebra are contributed by Scipio Ferreo.
1509 September 8 Sequeira departs from Cochin.
1509 Sequeira proceeds to Cochin, where he adds a ship to his fleet.
1509 Henry VII is succeeded by his son, Henry VIII.  From this moment on the history of England gains a new importance.  The country ceases to be a mediaeval island and becomes a modern state.  Henry VIII focuses his attention upon shipbuilding.
1509 Sequeira anchors at Pidir in Sumatra.  There he finds vessels from Pegu, Bengal, and other countries.
1509 Sequeira encounters the hostility of Sultan Mahmud in Malacca and narrowly escapes to return to Portugal.
1509 Magellan and Serrao reconnoiter Malacca, and barely escape to India with their lives.
1509? Krishna Deva Raya accedes to the throne of Vijayanagar.
1509 Sultan Mahmud Shah repels Siam.
1509 Sequeira touches at Madagascar.
1509 Sequeira anchors at Pase in Sumatra.
1509 Malacca visited by Lopes di Sequira.
1510 December 1 Albuquerque retakes Goa and massacres 6 thousand Moslem men, women, and children.
1510 Francisco Pizzaro takes part in an expedition From the island of Hispaniola to Uraba, in Terra Firma, under Alonzo de Ojeda.
1510 November Albuquerque attacks Rasul Khan, Ismail's deputy at Goa, and his 8 thousand men.
1510 The Spaniards form settlements at Panama.
1510 A fleet is sent out under Diogo Mendez to establish the Portuguese interests at Malacca.  It is detained by d'Alboquerque on the Malabar coast until he can gather a larger fleet.
1510 March 1 The Portuguese enter Goa under Albuquerque.
1510 May Moslem troops retake Goa after a severe struggle.  Albuquerque decapitates a hundred and fifty principal Moslems, slaughters their wives and children, and evacuates the place.
1511 Portuguese plunderers seize Malacca.
1511 The Portuguese establish themselves at Malacca.
1511 Martin Luther visits Rome on official business.  He is not impressed by the worldly Pope Julius II.
1511 The Portuguese become the first European nation to visit Ambon.
1511 Diego Velasquez de Quelyar conquors Cuba.  He robs natives of gold, and works them to death to find more.
1511 The Spice Islands discovered by the Portuguese.
1511 Alfonso d'Alboquerque (Portuguese) conquers Malaka.
1511 The principal inhabitants of the city flee Malaka under Sultan Mahmud Shah, who founds Johor.
1511 May 2 d'Alboquerque sets sail for Malacca from Cochin with nineteen ships and fourteen hundred men.
1512 A Portuguese expedition explores New Guinea.
1512 Abu Lais of Ternate hears of the stranded Francisco Serrão expedition out of Malacca, shipwrecked near Seram and rescued by local residents, and brings them to Ternate.
1512 April 2 Juan Ponce de Leon discovers Florida.
1512? Sarrao begins his new life on Ternate.
1512? The portuguese, under Albuquerque, conquer Malacca, and three ships set sail for the Spice Islands.
1512 Leonardo da Vinci designs a horizontal water wheel.
1512 Portuguese explorers sight Amboina.
1512 Rasul Khan makes a desperate attempt to retake Goa from the Portuguese, and fails after severe fighting.
1512 Molucca, or Spice Islands, visited by Francisco Serrao.
1513 The Portuguese unsuccessfully attack Aden under Albuquerque.
1513 Vasco Nunez de Balboa climbs the peak in Darien, and looks down upon the Pacific Ocean.  He crosses the Isthmus of Panama.
1513 Pope Leo X succeeds Pope Julius.
1513 Strasburg Ptolemy contains twenty new maps by Waldseemueller, forming the first modern atlas.
1513 Ponce de Leon discovers Florida.
1513 Vasco Nunez de Balbao crosses the Isthmus of Panama, and sees the Pacific.
1514 Ponce de Leon visits Florida.
1515 Francisco Pizarro is selected, with another cavalier named Morales, to cross the Isthmus of Panama and traffic with the natives on the shores of the Pacific.
1515 June 23 Saturday Saluva Timma takes the fortress at Kondavid, India.
1515 England launches the four-masted Harry Grace de Dieu, of 1000 tons portage.  She is evidently the biggest ship ever built in England.
1515 The Mary Rose, 500 tons portage, built by Henry VIII,  lay in the "pond at Deptford."
1515 The Rio de la Plata is navigated.
1516 Charles V ascends the Spanish throne, and rules till 1556.
1516 The Ottomans take Palestine.
1516 Fernando Perez d'Andrade, in his way to China, touches at Pase to take in pepper.
1517 October 31 Martin Luther posts a sheet of paper containing 95 statements (theses) on the doors of the court church.  These are written in Latin.  They attack the sale of indulgences.  In less than two months, all Europe is discussing luther's 95 theses and taking sides over them.
1517 the exclusive territory for the sale of indulgences in Saxony is given to a Dominican monk by the name of Johan Tetzel.
1517 Henry VIII dies.
1517 The Portuguese begin to trade with China and Bengal.
1517 Sebastian Cabot said to have discovered Hudson's Bay.
1517 Juan Diaz de Solis discovers the Rio de la Plata, and is murdered on the island of Martin Garcia.
1518 Grijalva discovers Mexico.
1519 August 10 Portuguese navigator Ferdinand de Magellan, with five small Spanish ships, is dispatched from Seville on a journey westward around the world.  237 sailors leave Seville.  Only eighteen return.
1519 Cortez brings Arabian horses from Spain to North America.
1519-22 Magellan's Expedition Round the World, sent out, from Spain.  Sebastian del Cano, in the Victoria, puts in at Timor.
1519 Fernando Cortez conquers Mexico.
1519 Fernando Magellan starts on the circumnavigation of the globe.
1519 Guray explores north coast of Gulf of Mexico.
1520? Luther recruits a few adepts.
1520 Hernando Cortez lands in Mexico.
1520 Schoner's second globe.
1520 Magellan sees Monte Video, discovers Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego, and traverses the Pacific.
1520 - 26. Alvarez explores the Soudan.
1521 Luther is cross-examined before the Diet of Worms.
1521 March 16 Magellan reaches the Ladrones.
1521 The Portuguese establish a factory in Ambon, but have no peace there.
1521 Serrao is poisoned by island intriguers.
1521 Hernando Cortez conquers the Aztecs.
1521 Magellan is killed in the Philippines.
1521 Magellan's ships call at Ternate.
1521 After being out of sight of land for 98 days, Magellan reaches the Caroline Islands.  He calls them the land of the Ladrones (robbers) because the natives steal everything they can lay hands on.
1521 Cortez assumes control of Mexico.
1521 The Spaniards first arrive at Tidore.
1521 November 6 Pigafetta sees the Moluccas for the first time.
1521 November 8 Pigafetta reaches Tidore.
1521 Magellan discovers the Ladrones (Marianas), and is killed on the Philippines.
1522 Ja Jing emperor rules China until 1567.
1522 Cano circumnavigates the globe.
1522? Giovanni da Verrazano discovers New York Bay and the Hudson River.
1522 September 7 The Vittori, with Pigafetta aboard, arrives safely at San Lucalr near Seville.
1522 Pascual de Andagoya, a cavalier of much distinction in the Panama colony, leads an expedition southward.  He reaches the Puerto de Pinas, the limit of Balboa's discoveries.  He returns with more copious accounts than any hitherto received of the opulence and grandeur of the countries that lay beyond.
1522 September 7 Sebastian d'Elcano, lieutenant to Magellan, brings the San Vittoria to anchor in the port of St.  Lucar, near Seville.
1522 The Portuguese begin construction of a fort on Ternate.
1522 Magellan's ship _Victoria_, under Sebastian del Cano, reaches Spain, having circumnavigated the globe in three years.
1524-1525 Sultan Sunan Gunung Jati of Cirebon siezes the port of Banten from the kingdom of Sunda with a combination of Cirebon and Demak forces and establishes a new sultanate of Banten under Demak.
1524 About the middle of November, Francisco Pizarro sails south from Panama with a little over 100 men.
1524 Pizarro discovers Peru.
1524 Verazzano, on behalf of the French King, coasts from Cape Fear to New Hampshire.
1525 July Garcia Jofre de Loaysa, with seven ships and Sebastian del Cano as pilot-major, sails from Coruna to further explore Maluku.
1525 Garcia Jofre de Loaysa, with Sabastian del Cano, sets sail for the Spice Islands, via the Straits of Magellan.
1526 The Diet of Speyer orders that "subjects should all be of the same religious denomination as their princes."
1526 Sebastian Cabot leaves Spain with three small vessels and a caravel for the object of reaching the Moluccas or Spice Islands.  It is his purpose to reach them through the Straits of Magellan.
1526 March 10 Luque, Francisco Pizarro, and Diego de Almagro sign a compact at Panama carving up the as yet unknown Inca Empire up among themselves.  Pizarro and Diego de Almagro have to use surrogates because they can't sign their own names.
1527 Protestant reformer Baltazar Hoopmeyer and his wife, Elizabeth Hoogline were imprisoned in Vienna because of their heretical teachings.  After they refused to recant, Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I ordered Hoopmeyer to be burned at the stake and his wife to be drowned in the Danube.1528, spring, Francisco Pizarro leaves Panama for Spain.  With him are Pedro de Candia, some Peruvians, two or three llamas, various nice pieces of cloth, many ornaments and vases of silver and gold.
1527 Fernand Cortez sends his kinsman, Saavedra, in search of Loaysa's expedition.
1527 Saavedra sails from west coast of Mexico to the Moluccas.
1529 Saavedra discovers the Northern Shores of New Guinea.
1529 Francisco Pizarro receives his commission from the emperor.
1529 The Ottoman Empire receives its first check on land before the walls of Vienna.
1529? Calvin is converted.
1529 Line of demarcation between Spanish and Portuguese fixed at 17 deg. east of Moluccas.
1530 January Francisco Pizarro returns to the New World from San Lucar.  Pedro Pizarro, 15, accompanies him as page.
1530? Bishop John Areson superintends the establishment of a printing press at Hoolum.  This is the first printing press in Iceland.
1530-36 Copies of early Portuguese charts of Australia made in France.
1531 Early in January, Francisco Pizarro sets sail with three ships for the Inca Empire.  On board are 27 horses and 180 men.  They disembark on the shores of the Bay of St.  Matthew, about one degree north latitude.  At Puerto Viejo they are joined by about thirty men under an officer named Belalcazar.
1531 Francisco Pizarro conquers Peru.
1532 In early May, Francisco Pizarro leaves part of his force in Tumbez and sets out to reconnoiter the interior.  He founds San Miguel de Piura, first European colony in the empire of the Incas.
1532 December, toward the end of the month, Diego de Almagro reaches San Miguel with one hundred and fifty foot and fifty horse, well provided with the munitions of war.  His vessels were steered by the old pilot Ruiz.
1532 November 15, late afternoon, Francisco Pizarro and his troops enter the deserted city of Caxamalca.
1532 Francisco Pizzaro marches into Peru.
1532 November 16 Saturday Late in the afternoon, Francisco Pizarro betrays Atahuallpa, massacres his retainers, and takes him captive in Caxamalca.  The Incas put up no resistance.  The only Spaniard wounded is Pizarro himself, who receives a cut on the hand protecting the person of Atawhallpa from his own Spanish troops.
1532 September 24 Francisco Pizarro enjoins his colonists to treat their Indian vassals with humanity, and to conduct themselves in such a manner as will secure the good will of the surrounding tribes.  Then he marches out of the gates of San Miguel at the head of less than 177 men on his way to meet Atahuallpa.  67 of these are cavalry.  He has only three arquebusiers, and less than twenty crossbow-men.  Yet his troops are in good condition, and tolerably well equipped.
1532 Urdanete visits the Banggai Archipelago.
1532 spring, The army of Atahuallpa captures Huascar, his brother, and Atahuallpa becomes emperor of Peru.
1532 Cortez visits California.
1533 February, about the middle of the month,  Diego de Almagro reaches Caxamalca.
1533 In late May, Hernando Pizarro returns to Caxamalca from Pachacamac.
1533 Some soldiers see a comet in the heavens and point it out to Atahuallpa.  He gazes on it with fixed attention for some minutes, then exclaims with a dejected air that "a similar sign was seen in the skies a short time before the death of my father, Huayna Capac."  From this day a sadness seems to take possession of him as he looks to the future with doubt and undefined dread.
1533 The Scottish clergy (by decree) prohibits the reading of the New Testament by the laity.
1533 Urdanete visits Tobungku, which he calls Tubuku.
1533 November 15 Francisco Pizarro enters Cusco.
1533 August 29 The sentence of Atahuallpa is proclaimed by sound of trumqet in the great square of Caxamalca.  Two hours after sunset, the Spanish soldiery assemble by torch light  in the plazato witness the execution.
1533 Calvin goes to Paris.
1533 Early in September Francisco Pizarro departs Caxamalca with his entire company of nearly 500 men.
1534 January After touching at St.  Domingo, Hernando Pizarro arrives at Seville.
1534 March Don Pedro de Alvarado lands in the bay of Caraques with five hundred followers, of whom half are mounted, and all admirably provided with arms and ammunition.
1534 March 24 Francisco Pizarro appoints Two alcaldes and eight regidores--among which last are his brothers, Gonzalo and Juan--on the public square at Cusco.
1534 Ignatius de Loyola founds the Order of the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits) while studying at the Sorbonne, in Paris.  He is a spaniard ex-soldier who has been wounded and lamed for life.  His goal is to help in the warfare upon the heresies of the Lutherans.
1534 Jacques Cartier explores the gull and river of St. Lawrence.
1535? Luther's new belief becomes sufficiently widespread for men to consider it necessary to burn its disciples.
1535 The Portuguese depose King Tabariji of Ternate and send him to Goa.  He converts to Christianity and changes his name to Dom Manuel.
1535 Francis I., forsaking his previous tolerance, orders six fires to be lighted simultaneously in Paris for the burning of Protestants.
1535 The English Parliament appoints Cromwell vicar or visitor-general.
1535 January 18 Francisco Pizarro founds Lima.
1535 June 12 Peace is formally reaffirmed between the Pizarro brothers and Diego de Almagro in Cusco.
1535 Diego d'Almagro conquers Chili.
1536 Early February, the Inca siege of Spanish Cusco begins.
1536 Fray Jomas de Berlanga, Bishop of Tierra Firme, is sent to Lima with full powers to determine the question of boundary (between Pisaro and Diego de Almagro) by fixing the latitude of the river of Santiago and measuring two hundred and seventy leagues south on the meridian.
1536 March 15 Suleiman and Ibrahim Pasha dine.  Ibrahim is strangled.
1536 Remnant of Saavedra's Expedition reaches Lisbon.  Grijalva's Expedition sent out by F.  Cortez, to the Spice Islands.
1536 Gonsalo Pizarro passes the Andes.
1537 November 13 Francisco Pizarro and Diego de Almagro meet at Mala in order to settle their quarrel.
1537 April 8 Under cover of a dark and stormy night, Diego de Almagro enters Cusco without opposition, makes himself master of the principal church, establishes strong parties of cavalry at the head of the great avenues to prevent surprise, and detaches Orgonez with a body of infantry to force the dwelling of Hernando Pizarro.  They set fire to the roof, and Hernando Pisaro is forced to surrender.  Thus Diego de Almagro siezes power in Cusco.
1537 During the latter part of August, Diego de Almagro reaches the vale of Chincha, where he founds the city of Diego de Almagro.
1537 July 12 Rodrigo de Orgonez (for Diego de Almagro) defeats Pedro de Alvarado (for Pizarro) in a night attack called the battle of Abancay.
1537 - 58. Ferdinand Mendez Pinto travels to Abyssinia, India, the Malay Archipelago, China, and Japan.
1538 April 26 Saturday Hernando Pizarro smashes Rodrigo de Orgonez outside Cusco.
1538 In the latter part of April, Hernando Pizarro arrives in the neighbourhood of Cusco in order to prosecute revenge upon Diego de Almagro.
1538 July 8 Hernando Pizarro sentences Diego de Almagro to death by beheading in the public square of Cusco.  This raises many protests, so Hernando instead has him garroted in prison.
1538 Aden falls into the hands of the Turks.
1538 Gerhardt Mercator begins his career as geographer. (Globe, 1541; projection, 1569; died 1594; atlas, 1595).
1539 Hernando Pizarro embarks at Lima bound for Spain via Mexico and the Azores.  Diego de Alvarado challenges him to a duel.  Five days later, Diego is mysteriously dead.  Hernando is imprisoned without formal sentence in the strong fortress of Medina del Campo.
1539 A few survivors of Grijalva's Expedition reach the Spice Islands.
1539 All the religious houses in England are suppressed, both great and small.
1539 Francesco de Ulloa explores the Gulf of California.
1540 In the beginning of the year, Gonzalo Pizarro sets out eastward from Quito with 350 Spaniards (150 horsed) and 4 thousand Indians.  They discover the Napo River.  Francisco de Orellana proceeds all the way down the Amazon to the Atlantic.
1540? Francis Drake is born.  He dies 1596.
1540 Autumn, Royal judge Vaca de Castro embarks for Peru from Seville.  After a tedious voyage across the Atlantic, he traverses the Isthmus of Panama.  He encounters a succession of tempests in the Pacific that nearly sends his frail bark to the bottom.  He lands at Buenaventura, his bark nearly wrecked.
1540 A Spanish expedition from Mexico fails to find a way across the Grand Canyon.
1540 May 9 HERNANDO DE ALANCON sets sail on the 9th of May 1540 with orders from the Spanish court to await at a certain point on the coast the arrival of an expedition by land under the command of Vasquez de Coronado.
1540 The Pope accepts the Jesuits, and makes them a new religious order.
1541 Deserting an expedition led by Gonzalo Pisarro, Orellana and his companions make The first descent of the Amazon from the Andes to the sea.  They fight with Tapuya tribespeople whose women fight alongside their men.
1541 September 13 Calvin returns to his penitent congregation, and is received by the whole city.
1541 Spring, Judge Vaca de Castro lands at Buena Ventura.
1541 HERNANDO DE ALANCON returns to New Spain.  He is able to construct an excellent map of California.
1541 September 13 Calvin returns to his penitent congregation, and is received by the whole city.
1541 June 26 Sunday, Francisco Pizarro is assassinated in his residence in Lima by the Chileans under Juan de Herrada (Rada).  Diego de Almagro Jr.  is proclaimed governor of Peru.  Vaca de Castro holds in his possession a commission of Governor of Peru to become active upon the death of Francisco Pizarro.
1541 A horse rolls down on Alvarado as he is attempting to scale a precipitous hill in New Galicia.  He dies from resulting injuries.  His beautiful wife dies when a torrent from the adjacent mountains overwhelms her home in Guatemala.
1541 Orellana sails down the Amazon.
1542 The     Sandwich islands are said to have been discovered by the Spanish navigator, Gaetano.
1542 Ruy Lopes de Villalobos sets sail for the Philippines.
1542 November 1 Ruy Lopez de Villalobos sets sail from New Spain on a colonizing expedition.  Among other islands, the expedition discovers Hawaii.
1542 The Portuguese are admitted to trade with Japan.
1542 June Gonzalo Pizarro and company come upon the elevated plains in the neighbourhood of Quito.  Less than half of the Indians remain, and only 80 of the Europeans.  Many of these have been irretrievably broken in constitution.
1542 September 16 Vaca de Castro defeats Diego de Almagro Jr.  at Chupas.
1542 Alarmed at the report of Bartolome de las Casas, Prince Phillip of Spain calls a council at Valedolid consisting of Learned and Able Men in order to reform the West-Indian government.
1542 Ruy Lopez de Villalobos discovers New Philippines, Garden Islands, and Pelew Islands, and takes possession of the Philippines for Spain.
1542 Cabrillo advances as far as Cape Mendocino.
1542 Japan first visited by Antonio de Mota.
1542 Gaetano sees the Sandwich Islands.
1543 one of the ships belonging to the Villalobos fleet, the _San Juan_, commanded by _Bernardo della Torre_, with _Gaspar Rico_ as first pilot, makes an attempt to return to New Spain.
1543 Copernicus publishes his book.  A copy is brought to him on his deathbed.
1543 Andreas Visalias creates the first comprehensive textbook on anatomy.  It is based upon the dissection of human (not animal) cadavers.
1543 Copernicus dies at Domkerr, in Frauenburg, East Prussia.
1543 Ortez de Retis discovers New Guinea.
1544 March 4 Arriving as viceroy from Spain, Blasco Nunez Vela disembarks at Tumbez.
1544 October 28 Gonzalo Pizarro enters Lima in triumph.  He is received with great acclamation, and proclaimed Governor and Captain-General of Peru, till his Majesty's pleasure can be known in respect to the government.
1544 The Mary Rose is sent with the English fleet to the coast of France, but returns with the rest of the fleet to Portsmouth without entering into any engagement.
1544 Sebastian Munster's _Cosmographia_.
1545 Ortiz de Retez and Gaspar Rico make discoveries on Northern Shores of New Guinea.
1545 Dom Manuel dies in Malacca en route back to Ternate.
1545 Potosi Mine is registered.
1546 May 26 Pedro de la Gasca and Alonso de Alvarado embark for the New World at San Lucar.  They land at the port of Santa Martha about the middle of July.
1546 February Luther dies, and is put to rest in the same church where he proclaimed his famous objections to the sale of Indulgences 29 years before.
1546 Francis Xavier sails from Malacca for the Spice Islands and visits Ambon and Ternate.
1546 January 18 Blasco Nunez Vela enters Quito, takes refreshments, then marches out to meet Gonzalo Pizarro, who quickly smashes his forces and kills him.
1546 Franciscus Xaverius [Saint Francis Xavier] is at Ternate.
1546 Martin Luther dies.
1547 October 26 Gonzalo Pizarro defeats Diego Centeno at Huarina, on the banks of Lake Titicaca.  His victory is achieved through the genius of Francisco de Carbajal, who can fight like a young man at age 80.
1548 April 9 Gonzalo Pizarro's forces defect at Xaquixaguana, and he surrenders to Pedro de la Gasca.
1548 Nicolaus Copernicus dies, and his discovery is published.  This had been kept secret for 36 years in fear of the inquisition.
1549 Francis Xavier brings Christianity to Japan.
1549 Bareto and Homera explore the lower Zambesi.
1550 January Pedro de la Gaspa embarks for Panama with a squadron bearing the royal treasure.  He reaches Panama early in March.
1551 The Icelandic church is reformed.
1551 With the help of the Portuguese, Jailolo falls completely under the control of the sultanate of Ternate.
1552 Titian paints his self portrait.
1552 Xavier dies off the coast of China.
1553 The broken arch of the AlcVntara bridge is rebuilt.
1553 Richard Chancellor, trying to discover the North-eastern passage to the Indies, and blown by an ill wind into the White Sea, reaches the mouth of the Dwina and finds the Moscovite village of Kholmogory, a few hours from the spot where in 1584 the town of Archangel will be founded.  The foreign visitors are requested to come to Moscow and show themselves to the Grand Duke.  They go and returned to England with the first commercial treaty ever concluded between Russia and the western world.
1553 An attempt is made to discover a North-west passage to Cathaya or China.  Sir Hugh Willonghby is put in command of the expedition, which consists of three ships,--the Bona Esperanza, the Bona Ventura (Captain Chancellor), and the Bona Confidentia (Captain Durforth),--most probably ships built by Venetians.  Sir Hugh reaches 72 degrees north latitude, and is compelled by the buffeting of the winds to take refuge with Captain Durforth's vessel at Arcina Keca, in Russian Lapland, where the two captains and the crews of these ships, seventy in number, are frozen to death.  In the following year some Russian fishermen find Sir John Willonghby sitting dead in his cabin, with his diary and other papers beside him.  Captain Chancellor is more fortunate.  He reaches Archangel in the White Sea, where no ship has ever been seen before.  He points out to the English the way to the whale fishery at Spitzbergen, and opens up a trade with the northern parts of Russia.
1553 Sir Hugh Willoughby attempts the North - East Passage past North Cape, and sights Novaya Zemlya.
1554 April Spanish ships Santa Maria de Isiar, Espiritu Santo, and San Esteban depart Vera Cruz.  They sail for 20 days before wind and rain, and are run aground and pounded to pieces near Padre Island,  off what is now Texas.  A fourth, the San Andres, reaches Havana, where it is declared unseaworthy, and scrapped.
1554 Richard Chancellor, Willoughby's pilot, reaches Archangel, and travels overland to Moscow.
1555 Rama Raya makes an expedition against the Christian inhabitants of San Thome, near Madras, but retires without doing great harm.
1556 Phillip II ascends the spanish throne, and rules till 1598.  The sun never sets on his empire, which extends from the Philippines to the New World.
1556 Emperor Charles V abdicates.
1556 Stephen Burroughs sails with one small ship, which enters the Kara Sea, but he is compelled by frost and ice to return to England.  The strait which he entered is still called "Burrough's Strait."
1556 It becomes established fact that a combination of chloride and silver called horn silver is blackened by the sun's rays.
1556 - 72. Antonio Laperis' atlas published at Rome.
1558 Laulata is sent as Salahakan to Ambon, where he conquers many villages.
1558 Mary ("Bloody Mary") dies.  She is succeeded by Elizabeth, daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn.  Mary was Catholic.  Elizabeth is Protestant.  There are only 4 English merchant ships of over 120 tons burden in the Thames.  Elizabeth's policies foster maritime development.  High heels become popular among ladies of the upper classes in England.
1558 Anthony Jenkinson travels from Moscow to Bokhara.
1559 The Portuguese Luiz de Mello carries fire and sword into the towns along the Malabar coast. He attacks Mangalore, sets fire to the town, and puts all the inhabitants to death. Later in the year he destroys a number of towns and villages on the same coast in similar manner, and desolates the whole seaboard.1564 The Viceroy of Goa sends Mesquita with three ships to destroy a number of ships belonging to the Malabarese. Mesquita captures 24 of these, by twos and threes at a time, sinks them, beheads a large number of the sailors, and in the case of hundreds of others, sews them up in sails and throws them overboard. In these ways he massacres 2 thousand men.
1559 Pope Paul IV.  institutes the Congregation of the Index Expurgatorius.  "Its duty is to examine books and manuscripts intended for publication and to decide whether the people may be permitted to read them; to correct those books of which the errors are not numerous and which contain certain useful and salutary truths so as to bring them into harmony with the doctrines of the Church; to condemn those of which the principles are heretical and pernicious; and to grant the peculiar privilege of perusing heretical books to certain persons.
1560 there are two thousand reformed churches in France, and many great lords, at first indifferent enough, adhered to the new doctrine.
1560 Hernando Pizarro is released from the strong fortress of Medina del Campo, where he has been allowed to remain for twenty years without formal sentence.  He comes forth an aged man, bent down with infirmities and broken in spirit, - an object of pity rather than indignation.
1561 Catherine de Medicis convokes an assembly of bishops and pastors  at Poissywith the object of fusing the Catholic and Protestant doctrines.
1562 Catherine promulgates an edict according Protestants the right to unite in the public celebration of their cult.
1564 The Spanish occupy the Philippines, and begin to build Manila.
1564 William Shakespear is born at Stratford on Avon.
1565 The Spanish found colonies in the Philippines.  Philip sets up the Inquisition in Flanders, and in a few years more than 50 thousand persons are deliberately murdered.
1565 The Vijayanagar Empire falls.
1565 there are 12 merchant vessels operating out of Liverpool.  The largest is of forty tons burthen, with twelve men.  The smallest is a boat of six tons, with three men.
1565 In India the Moslems remorselessly wreck and destroy most Hindu temples in Vijayanagar.
1565 Captain Martin Frobisher, age 25, captures the Flying Spirit, a Spanish ship laden with a rich cargo of cochineal, in the South Seas.
1567 The Duchess of Parma writes to Philip II informing him that in a few days above 100 thousand men have already left the country with their money and goods, and that more are following every day.
1567 Samiento and Mendana sail from Peru in search of Western Islands, and Continental Land; they discover the Solomon Islands.
1567 Alvaro Mendana discovers Solomon Islands.
1569 Martin Frobisher makes his first attempt to discover the northwest passage to the Indies, being assisted by Ambrose Dudley, Earl of Warwick.  The ships of Frobisher are three in number, the Gabriel, of from 15 to 20 tons; the Michael, of from 20 to 25 tons; and a pinnace, of from 7 to 10 tons.  The aggregate of the crews of the three ships is only thirty-five, men and boys.  The pinnace is lost.  The Michael, under Owen Griffith, a Welshman, deserts.  Martin Frobisher enters the north-western sea in the Gabriel .  He enters Hudson's Bay by Frobisher's Strait, and returns to England without discovering the northwest passage.
1569 Sarmiento and Mendana return to America.
1570 Sultan Baab Ullah comes to power in Ternate.  He rules until 1583.
1570 Francis Drake obtains a regular commission from Queen Elizabeth, though he sails his own ships and makes his own ventures.
1570 November 1 Phineas Pett is born at Deptford, or "Deptford Strond," as the place used to be called, in England.  He is the second son of Peter Pett, who is something of a poet, and one of Queen Elizabeth's master shipwrights.
1571 The Ottoman Empire receives its first check on the ocean at the battle of Lepanto.
1571 Pedro Pizarro completes his history.
1572 A new star appears suddenly in Cassiopeia, and increases in brightness until it surpasses all other stars.  It can be seen plainly in the daytime.
1572 Francis Drake sets sail for the Spanish Main in the Pasha, of seventy tons, accompanied by the Swan, of twenty-five tons.  The united crews of the vessels amount to seventy-three men and boys.  With these he makes great havoc amongst the Spanish shipping at Nombre de Dios.  He partially crosses the Isthmus of Darien, and obtains his first sight of the great Pacific Ocean.
1572 November 11 The new star in Cassiopeia becomes as bright as Venus at her brightest.
1572 Philip sends his "man of iron," the Duke of Alba, to bring the Dutch Protestants to terms.  He attacks a number of Dutch cities and massacres the inhabitants as an example for the others.
1572 The Portuguese discover The uninhabited Cape de Verd islands.
1572 The Hugnenots are butchered at Paris and throughout France In the Massacre of the night of St.  Bartholomew.  Bishop Perefixe alleges that 100 thousand persons have been put to death because of their religious opinions.  Pope Gregory XIII has a medal struck to commemorate the happy event, orders joy-fires to be lit and cannon fired, celebrates several masses, sends for the painter Vasari to depict the principal scenes of carnage on the walls of the Vatican, and sends an ambassador  to the King of France with instructions to congratulate him upon his fine action.  The murderous power of Philip II reigns supreme in the Netherlands.
1572 Vilcabamba is invaded.  The last Inca ruler is executed by the Spanish.
1572 Juan Fernandez discovers his island, and St. Felix and St. Ambrose Islands.
1573 March The new star in Cassiopeia is of the first magnitude in brightness.  In a few months, it exhibits various hues of color.
1573 the Duke of Alba lays siege to Leyden, the manufacturing center of Holland.
1573 In August, Francis Drake returns to England with his frail barks crammed with treasure.
1573 Abraham Ortelius' _Teatrum Orbis Terrarum_.
1574 March The new star in Cassiopeia disappears.
1575 The Ternateans expel the Portuguese after a five-year siege.
1575 Ambon becomes the new centre for Portuguese activities in Maluku.
1575 March 23 Portuguese fleet commander Sancho de Vasconselos lays the cornerstone of Fort Kota Laha.
1575? The Spanish surrender their colony on Ternate.
1576 Frobisher seeks a Northwestern passage to India.
1576 Henri III is reduced to granting the Protestants, by the Edict of Beaulieu, entire liberty of worship, eight strong places, and, in the Parliaments, Chambers composed half of Catholics and half of Huguenots.
1576 Lord Bacon, aged 16, rebels against the authority of Aristotle.  He goes to France, where he becomes famous.
1576 Martin Frobisher discovers his bay.
1577 Lippomano traverses France, and sees important cities-- Orleans, Tours, Blois, Poitiers--entirely devastated, the cathedrals and churches in ruins, and the tombs shattered.
1577 Martin Frobisher makes another voyage with one of Queen Elizabeth's own ships and two barks, with 140 persons, but fails to find a northwest passage.  But he brings home what appears to be some gold ore.
1577 Sir Francis Drake commences his more famous voyages under the auspices of Elizabeth.
1577 Francis Drake sails for South America with a squadron of five vessels: the Pelican (100 tons burthen), the Elizabeth (80), the Swan, a fly-boat, (50), the Marygold, a bark (30), and the Christopher, a pinnace (15 tons).  The combined crews of these vessels amount to 164 gentlemen and sailors.  The gentlemen go with Drake "to learn the art of navigation."  They sail through the strait of Magellan and the bearing strait, winter in San Francisco, and return through the Moluccas and the Indian Ocean and around the Cape of Good Hope.
1577 The Portuguese establish Kota Laha (now Fort Victoria) on Ambon.
1577 - 79. Francis Drake circumnavigates the globe, and explores the west coast of North America.
1578 Sir Humphrey Gilbert colonizes Virginia.
1578 Sir Humphrey Gilbert plants Newfoundland for the Queen of England.
1578 on the strength of the stones containing gold, Martin Frobisher sails again.  His party loses one ship, consumes the provisions, and suffers greatly from ice and storms.  His fleet returns home one by one.  The supposed gold ore proves to be only glittering sand.
1579 Drake's "Golden Hind" visits Ternate.
1579 November 4 Francis Drake arrives in Ternate.
1579 Yermak Timovief seizes Sibir on the Irtish.
1580 The Portuguese obtain peaceable possession of their factory in Ambon.
1580? Francis Drake returns a hero after circumnavigating the globe.
1580 Captain Pett (a name famous on the Thames) sets sail from Harwich in the George (40 tons, manned by nine men and a boy)accompanied by Captain Jackman in the William (20 tons, manned by five men and a boy).  They reach the ice in the North Sea, but are compelled to return without finding a northwest passage.
1580? King Babu conquers Banggai.
1580 Dutch settle in Guiana.
1581 The Estates General of the Netherlands (the meeting of the representatives of the Seven Provinces) came together at the Hague and most solemnly abjured their "wicked king Philip" and themselves assumed the burden of sovereignty which thus far had been invested in their "King by the Grace of God."
1582 Lord Bacon is admitted as a barrister of Gray's Inn.
1582 February 24 Pope Gregory XIII inaugurates the modern Gregorian calendar.
1582 Pope Gregory XIII institutes The Gregorian calendar.  He omits ten days from the calendar in September.  The Gregorian calendar replaces the Julian calendar.
1584 Sabadin leaves Ternate for Ambon as Salahakan.
1584 The Russians establish the town of Archangel.
1584 Bruno, an Italian, publishes "The Expulsion of the Triumphant Beast."
1584 Sir Walter Raleigh discovers and claims Virginia.
1584 Sir Walter Raleigh plants the first English settlement in Virginia.
1585 John Davis, of Sandridge on the Dart, sets sail with two barks, the Sunshine (50 toms) and the Moonshine (35 tons), and discovers Davis Strait in the far northwest.  He is driven back by the ice without finding a northwest passage.
1586 Dutch engineer Stevinus publishes his work on the principles of equilibrium.
1586 John Davis sets out on a second voyage, but fails to find a northwest passage.
1586 the Great Armada sets sail for the north.
1586 July 21 Captain Cavendish sets out from Plymouth on a circumnavigation of the globe at his own expense.  Under his command are three small vessels.  One vessel is of 120 tons, the second of 60 tons, and the third of 40 tons.  With him are 123 officers, men, and boys.  They pass through the Straits of Magellan, and burn and plunder the Spanish settlements along the Pacific coast of South America, capturing some Spanish ships.  They board and take the galleon St.  Anna, with 122 thousand Spanish dollars on board.  Then they sail on across the Pacific to the Ladrone Islands, through the Indian Archipelago and the Straits of Java, and around the Cape of Good Hope, reaching England after an absence of two years and a month.
1586 John Davis sails through his strait, and reaches lat. 72 deg. N.
1587 Elizabeth beheads Mary Stewart, Queen of Scots.
1587 John Davis sets out on a third voyage, but fails to find a northwest passage.
1588 There are about 150 English merchant vessels in the Thames, each of about 150 tons burden.
1588 July 20 The Spanish Armada comes in sight of the English coast and the British destroy it.
1589 The Spanish begin work on the Castil de San Salvador de la Punta to repel enemies from Havana's harbor.
1589 Muhammad Quli founds the city of Haidarabad, originally Bhagnagar.
1589 The Grand Duke of Tuscany appoints Galileo to be a lecturer on mathematics at Pisa.
1590 Returning from the Levant, ten English merchantmen attacked twelve Spanish galleons, and after six hours' contest, put them to flight with great loss.
1590 The Nuestra Seniora del Rosario is attacked by two pirate ships and lost at sea.
1590 Dutch optician Zacharias Jensen places a concave and a convex lens respectively at the ends of a tube about eighteen inches long, producing a crude microscope.  Some years later, Johannes Lippershey observes that the weather vane on a distant church steeple appears much nearer when viewed through a similar combination of lenses.
1590 Galileo demonstrates the velocities of dropping weights at the leaning tower of Pisa.
1590 Battel visits the lower Congo.
1591 James Lancaster sets sail from Plymouth on the first English voyage to the East Indies, and sails around the Malay Penninsula.
1591 three English merchant ships set sail for the East Indies.  They take several portuguese vessels in the course of their voyage.
1591 Fifteen Spanish galleons conquer Sir Richard Grenville at the Azores in the Revenge.
1591 Galileo resigns his chair at Pisa, but only to accept a higher position at Padua.
1592 The Molyneux globe.
1592 Juan de Fuca imagines he has discovered an immense sea in the north - west of North America.
1593 Two of the Queen's ships and a number of merchant ships sail for the West Indies under Burroughs, Frobisher, and Cross.  Among other captures, they take the greatest of all the East India caracks, a vessel of 1600 tons, 700 men, and 36 brass cannon, laden with a magnificent cargo.  She is taken to Dartmouth, and surprises all who see her, being the largest ship that had ever been seen in England.
1593 Galileo invents a primitive thermometer.
1593 Henri IV puts a temporary end to the religious conflict in France by his abjuration and by the Edict of Nantes.
1594 Captain James Lancaster sets sail with three ships on a voyage of adventure.  He is joined by some Dutch and French privateers.  They capture 39 Spanish vessels.
1594 Cham Lord Po At sends forces to assist the Sultanate of Johor's attack on Portuguese Malacca.
1595 Mendana, sailing under the Spanish flag, discovers and names the Marquesas, the first Polynesian islands, so far as is known, to have been visited by Europeans.
1595 The Dutch begin their effort to colonize the East Indies.
1595 The Lambeth Articles assert that "God from eternity hath predestinated certain men unto life; certain he hath reprobated."
1595 William Shakespeare writes his "Midsummer Night's Dream."
1595 Mendana and Pedro Fernandez de Queiroz set sail from Peru in search of the Solomon Islands; they fail in their attempt, and reach the island of Santa Cruz, to the West of the Solomons, where they attempt a settlement.
1596 The remnant of Mendana's expedition reach New Spain.
1596 April The Earl of Essex and the Lord Admiral Howard set sail from Deptford, England, for Cadiz, Spain, in command of a squadron headed by the "Repulse."  They do much damage to the forts and shipping of Philip II.
1596 Kepler publishes "Mysterium Cosmographium."
1596 Sir Francis Drake dies.
1596 William Barentz discovers Spitzbergen, and reaches lat. 80 deg. N.
1596 Payz traverses the Horn of Africa, and visits the source of the Blue Nile.
1597 Dutch navigator Willem Barentsz dies on his return from Nova Zembla after attempting to find a northeast passage to the Spice Islands.
1597 April Phineas Pett is introduced to Howard, Earl of Nottingham, Lord High Admiral of England.
1598 the Edict of Nantes guarantees Protestants the rights of public worship.
1598 The old Muscovite dynasty, descendants of the original Norseman Rurik, comes to an end with Feodor the First.  Boris Godunow, who is half Tartar, is Tsar for the next seven years.
1598 Three ships of the eight Dutch Second Fleet sent to the Spice Islands are blown off course during a cyclone and land on Mauritius naming it in honour of Prince Maurice of Nassau, the Stadtholder of the Netherlands.
1598 The Spanish subjugate the Zuni in New Mexico and Arizona.
1598 Mendana discovers Marquesas Islands.
1598 Hakluyt publishes his _Principal Navigations_.
1599 May 22 The first Dutchmen reach the roadsteads of Talangami aboard the ships Amsterdam and Utregt under the seafarer Wijbrand van Warwijk.
1599 An advertisement for the East India Company appears in the London Gazette.
1599 June 2 The first Dutchmen go ashore on Ternate.
1599 Houtman reaches Achin, in Sumatra.
1600? Stevinus demonstrates a sail car which traverses the distance between Scheveningen and Petton with twenty-seven passengers, one of them being Prince Maurice of Orange.
1600 Dutch marauders sink the Spanish merchant vessel, San Diego, off Luzon.  350 men die.
1600 February 16 For his unconventional cosmology, Giordano Bruno is burned at the stake in Rome.
1600 The English East India Company is founded.
1600 William Shakespeare writes "Hamlet."
1600 Man Sing begins the old palace in Amber, India.
1600 Phineas Pet suffers unemployment for six months.  The Admiral then hires him at a small salary as keeper of the plankyard at Chatham.
1601 February 13 Captain James Lancaster sets sail from Billingsgate with four ships of the East India Company under his command.  They round the Cape of Good Hope and reach the East Indies in 16 months.
1601 March Phineas Pet becomes assistant to the principal master shipwright at Chatham, and repairs Her Majesty's ship "The Lion's Whelp."
1601 Tycho Brahe dies.  Kepler becomes his successor.
1601 A horse whose master has taught him many tricks is tried at Lisbon, found guilty of being possessed by the devil, and burnt.
1602 Phineas Pet rebuilds the "Moon," enlarging her both in length and breadth.
1602 February 23 Portuguese commander Casper de Melo surrenders Kota Laha to the Dutch under the command of Steven der Haghen.
1602 The Dutch East India Company is founded having evolved from an earlier company.
1602 June The king of Acheen receives James Lancaster & Co.  with courtesy, and exchanges spices freely with them.
1602 Spanish voyagers sail as far north as the harbors of San Diego and Monterey.
1603 The first English colony is founded on the tiny island of Run, in the Moluccas.
1603 Queen Elizabeth dies.  James I ascends the English throne.  He calls in all English warships and privateers engaged in waging war against the commerce of Spain, and declares himself to be at peace with all the world.  His policies are focused upon industry commerce, and colonization.  The English navy consists of 13 vessels.  Only four English merchant ships are above 400 tons burden.  Pirates from Algeria, England, and other countries abound in English waters.  Many ex-privateers have become pirates, and other Englishmen have decided to become pirates as well.  He doubles the size of the navy in order to protect commercial shipping from piracy.
1603 Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu declares Edo (Tokyo) his seat of power.
1603 Walter Raleigh is imprisoned in the Tower of London.
1603 Frederik de Houtman writes the first Malay dictionary.
1603 Stephen Bennett re - discovers Cherry Island, 74.13 deg. N.
1604 The first English dictionary comes into being.
1604 A star suddenly appears in Serpentarius.  It is brighter than Venus.  During the next year, it passes through various tints of purple, yellow, and red.  Then it is extinguished.
1605 June 2 Cornelis Sebastiaenzoon drops anchor at Ngofakiaha, Makian,  and visits several places on the island.  This is the first Dutch contact with Makian.
1605 The Dutch conquer Ambon and gain victory over the Portuguese.
1605 Two English ships under Henry Middleton visit Ternate and Tidore.
1605 The Ternatenese and the Dutch under Cornelis Sebastiaanszoon attack the Portuguese under Pedro Alvarez de Abreu on Tidore.  The portuguese are defeated and retreat to the Philippines, permanently leaving the Moluccas.
1605-6 De Queiroz sets sail from Peru, with the object of renewing the attempt at settlement in the island of Santa Cruz, and from thence to search for the Great Australian Continent.  He fails to reach Santa Cruz, and puts in at the New Hebrides.
1605 February 25 The Portuguese garrison on Ambon surrenders to Admiral Van der Haghen.
1605 December Pedro Fernandez de Queiroz sets sail from the coast of Peru aboard the "San Pedro y San Pablo" in search of Australia.
1605 Louis Vaes de Torres discovers his strait.
1606 Spanish forces capture the former Portuguese fort from the Ternatese and deport the Sultan and his entourage to Manila.
1606 October 6 Pedro Fernandez de Queiroz sights Alcapulco.
1606 Torres sails towards Australia from the New Hebrides, passes through the straits that bear his name, and discovers Australia, without, apparently, being aware of the fact.
1606 May 6 Pedro Fernandez de Queiroz takes possession of a harbor in the New Hebrides.
1606 Quiros discovers Tahiti and north - east coast of Australia.
1607 The Dutch return to Ternate and build a fort in Malayo with the help of the Ternateans.
1607 The Dutch build Fort Oranye over the ruins of a native fort in Ternate.
1607 The VOC Admiral Cornelis Matelieff de Jonge (1606-08) opens a school in Ambon.  He aims to create a real Dutch colony in Maluku, with Dutch as the official language of communication.
1607 Lord Bacon becomes solicitor-general.
1608 The Portuguese subdue Johor.
1608 July Ternate erupts.
1608 Lippershey, a Hollander, discovers that by looking through two glass lenses combined in a certain manner, distant objects are magnified and rendered very plain.
1608 July 21 Dutch navigator Paulus van Caerden takes the Spanish stronghold at Tafasoho, Makian, by storm.
1608 Champlain discovers Lake Ontario.
1609 Rubins paints his self portrait with his wife.
1609 The Bank of Amsterdam is founded.
1609 The Dutch East India Company brings tea to Europe from China for the first time.
1609 Banda Islanders ambush the Dutch.
1609 The Prince, of 1400 tons burthen, is launched.  She carries sixty-four cannon, and is superior to any ship of the kind hitherto seen in England.
1609 The Dutch dispossess the Portuguese of Ambon.
1609 While on a visit to Venice, Galileo hears that a Dutch spectacle-maker has invented an instrument which is said to represent distant objects nearer than they usually appear.
1609 Hugo Grotius writes "Mare Librum," advocating freedom of the seas.
1609 Jesuit missionaries arrive in Guayra Province, Paraguay.
1609 East India Company builds the "Trade's Increase," of 1100 tons burthen, the largest merchant ship ever built in England.  She is fully armed.
1609 Wurtemberg native John Kepler publishes his "On the Motions of the Planet Mars," which contains his first two laws of planetary motion.
1609 Henry Hudson discovers the Hudson River in North America.
1609 Galileo, a Florentine greatly distinguished by his mathematical and scientific writings, hears of the telescope, but does not know the particulars of its construction.  He invents a form of the instrument for himself.  Improving it gradually, he succeeds in making one that can magnify thirty times.
1609 Henry Hudson discovers his river.
1610 January 7 Galileo sees three small stars in a straight line adjacent to the planet Jupiter.  A few evenings later, he sees a fourth.  He finds that these are revolving in orbits round the planet, and recognizes that they present a miniature representation of the Copernican system.
1610 September 25 Phineas Pet launches the "Prince Royal" (1400 tons burden), the largest vessel ever built in England, and radically innovative in design.  She carries 64 big guns.
1610 Ships of the Dutch East India Company bring the first tea into Europe.
1610? Henry Hudson discovers Hudson Bay.
1610 Galileo sees that Saturn appears to be triple, and publishes his discovery.
1610 Hudson passes through his strait into his bay.
1611 Thomas Sutton establishes a public school on the site of the Charterhouse of London.
1611? The Dutch use Manhattan as a fur trading center.
1611? The King James Bible is published.
1611 The Dutch build the pentagonal Fort Belgica on Banda.
1611 Jan Mayen discovers his island.
1612 Jesuit Padre Antonio Ruiz de Montoya arrives in Guayra Province, Paraguay.
1612 November 16 The prince of England dies in his 18th year.
1614 Pocahontas marries John Rolfe.
1614 Walter Raleigh writes the history of the world while in prison.
1614 John Smith sees Monhigan Island.
1615? The British establish a settlement at Kambelo, in Maluku.
1615 March 6 Pieter Both, Dutch admiral/1st gov-gen (East Indies, 1609-14), drowns.
1615 The first Dutch clergyman, Caspar Wiltens (1615-19) arrives in Ambon.
1615 it is decreed that Galileo shall renounce his obnoxious doctrines, and pledge himself neither to defend nor publish them in future.  Galileo, in dread of prison, appears before Cardinal Bellarmine and declares that he will do it.
1615 Lemaire rounds Cape Horn (Hoorn), and sees New Britain.
1616 The Catholic Church forbids Galileo to engage in further scientific work.
1616 October 28 The Unity, under Schouten, reaches Jakarta.
1616 November 1 John Peterson Koen seizes the Unity and her cargo at Jakarta.
1616 Run and Ai, in the Banda Islands, take England as overlord.  The Dutch are enraged.
1616 William Shakespear dies.
1616 December Phineas Pet launches the "Destiny," and delivers it to Sir Walter Raleigh, who defrauds him of 700 pounds in the bargain.
1616 December 31 Jaques Le Maire dies aboard the Amsterdam on his way home to Holland.
1616 Walter Raleigh is freed from the Tower of London in order to head an expedition to Guiana in search of El Dorado.
1616 Despite fierce resistance, 240 Dutch and 23 Japanese invade and conquer Ay.  Many defenders are killed and another 400 (many women and children among them) drown while trying to flee to the nearby island of Run.
1616 Dirk Hartog coasts West Australia to 27 deg. S.
1616 Baffin discovers his bay.
1617? Veranzio makes a series of parachute experiments.
1617 July 1 The Amsterdam arrives home in Zeeland.
1617 Napier dies.  Of Merchiston, Scotland, he discoverd logarithms.
1618 The Thirty Years War begins.
1618 Walter Raleigh returns to England after a disastrous expedition, and is beheaded.
1618 Jan Pieterszoon Coen becomes Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies Company, and institutes a reign of terror in the islands.
1618 John Casimir of Poland abdicates.
1618 Boris Godunow dies.  The Russian nobles elect one of their own number, Michael, the son of Feodor, of the Moscow family of Romanow, to be Tsar.
1618 Kepler publishes his third law of planetary motion in "An Epitome of the Copernican System."
1618 The Synod of Dort decides in favor of The Lambeth Articles of 1595.  It condemns the remonstrants against it, and treats them with such severity that many of them have to flee to foreign countries.
1618 Dutch hard-liner Jan Pieterszoon Coen is promoted to Governor General of the Dutch East Indies Company, and institutes a reign of terror.
1618 Francis Bacon is made Lord Chancellor.
1618 George Thompson, a Barbary merchant, sails up the Gambia.
1619 Frederik de Houtman discovers Houtman's Abrolhos, shoals on the west coast of       Australia.
1619? The Dutch East Indies Company moves its headquarters from Ternate to Batavia.
1619 The Dutch found Batavia on Java.
1619 July Frederik De Houtman and J Dedel land in the Swan River region and on the Albrohos and Rottnest Islands in the Dordrecht and the Amsterdam.
1619 Edel and Houtman coast Western Australia to 32 - 1/2 deg. S. (Edel's Land).
1620 At the end of the year,  Jan Pieterszoon Coen, Dutch Governor-General of the Moluccas, attacks Lonthoir Island.  His Japanese executioners behead 48 people.  He deports 789 old men, women, and children of the family of the orang kaya to Batavia.  Large groups of despairing men, women, and children jump to their deaths off the cliffs near Selamma or choose to starve, rather than surrender.  A few people manage to build boats and escape by night to the Kai Islands, Seramlaut, Kisar, and other small islands of the Goram Archipelago.  The population of Rosingain is transported to the main islands and subsequently spread over the nutmeg plantations as forced laborers.  After the conquest, only about 1000 of the estimated 15 thousand inhabitants of the Banda Islands remain.  The people of Rum are unaffected because of the English presence there.
1620 The English establish their first factory at Madras.
1620 The Dutch build Batavia on the ruins of the old city of Jakarta, but the seat of government is not immediately removed from Amboyna.
1620 Hidayat is appointed Salahakan over the Ternatese possessions in Ambon.
1620 November 11 Puritan pilgrims from the Mayflower first set foot on the sands of Cape Cod.
1620 October 30 Phineas Pet sets sail with the two pinnaces he has just built in persuit of Algerine pirates.  He is in command of the English fleet, and succeeds in driving them out of the English Channel.  This takes him eleven months.
1621 A West Indian Company is founded which conquers Brazil and builds a fortress called Nieuw Amsterdam at the mouth of the Hudson River in North America.
1621 The famous queen Donna Anna de Souza, as embassadress from her brother, Gola Bandy, King of the Jinga, arrives at Loanda to sue for peace.
1622 Jesuit Jerome Lobo reaches Goa.
1622 The Dutch open their first school in the Banda Archipelago on the small island of Ai.
1622 Dutch ship _Leeuwin_ reaches south - west cape of Australia.
1623 The Dutch destroy the British settlement at Kambelo, in Maluku, and inflict frightful tortures upon those connected with it.
1623 Dutch privateer Admiral Piet Hein attacks Spanish America.
1623 Cardinal Barberini, Galileo's friend, becomes Pope Urban VIII.
1623 Lobo explores Abyssinia.
1624 July 25       Steven  van  der Haghen, admiral/gov on Ambon 1617-8, dies at about 61.
1624 August 23 Phineas Pet sails for spain in the "Prince Royal" with Prince Charles and the duke of Buckingham.  They return on the 14th of October.
1624 Leliato takes the place of Hidayat as Salahakan in Ambon.
1625 King James is succeeded by his son, Charles I.
1625 June 21 Jesuit Jerome Lobo reaches Maigoga, Abyssinia.
1625 March 5 The Nassau Fleet reaches Ternate.
1625 August 29 The Nassau Fleet reaches Batavia.
1626 Piet Hein attacks Spanish America again.
1627 October 21 Frederik  de  Houtman,  navigator/governor  of Ambon, dies at about 56.
1627 A great number of Algerine pirates descend upon the Icelandic coast, murder about fifty of the inhabitants, and carry off nearly 400 others into captivity.
1627 Queen Donna Anna de Souza looses nearly all her troops in a battle with the Portuguese in Amgola.
1627 Richelieu besieges La Rochelle, in France, where 15 thousand Protestants perish.
1627 Groaning with New World gold, the galleon, "Santa Margarita," sinks in a hurricane.  The guardian ship, "Atocha," sinks in the same storm.  She is laden with immense riches.
1627 Sultan Hamzah comes to power in Ternate and rules till 1648.
1627 Peter Nuyts discovers his archipelago.
1628 August Juan de Benavides sets sail again.  As he nears Matansas Bay, about 50 miles east of Havana, he sees more than 30 of Piet Hein's warships bearing down on him.  The Dutch capture nine vessels, and persue the rest into Matansas bay.  De Benabides' flagship is so jammed with cargo that the cannon ports are obstructed.  The Spanish ground their vessels, and give up without firing a cannon.  The Dutch capture six Spanish galleons, and inventory 46 tons of silver.  Juan de Benevides and Juan de Leos, his second in command, return to spain in disgrace.  Benavides is marched through the streets before jeering throngs, and beheaded.  Juan de Leos is imprisoned for life.
1628 August 4 Peit Hein and his ships lie off Cuba unsure whether the Spanish treasure fleet's Mexican component, the "Silver Fleet," has left for Havana to join the rest of the flota.  Spanish scout vessels spot the Dutch, and send swift courier ships to warn Juan de Benavides at Vera Cruz.  Hein captures one of these courier ships, learns that his prey will soon arrive off Cuba, and prepares to pounce.
1628 July Juan de Benavides departs Vera Cruz for Havana with about 20 ships.  His flagship is dismasted, and he is forced to return.
1629 Luhu becomes Salahakan of Ternate at Ambon.
1629 a Portuguese squadron is employed twenty-two days in ascending the Jambi River in order to destroy some Dutch ships which have taken shelter near the town of Jambi in Sumatra.
1629 The Inquisition burns Vanini at Toulouse for his "Dialogues concerning Nature."
1629 While attacking pirates in the English channel, a cannon ball cuts Piet Hein in two.
1630 early summer, Gustavus Adolphus of the house of Vasa, King of Sweden, lands at Stralsund and turns the Habsburg army.
1630 First meridian of longitude fixed at Ferro, in the Canary Islands.
1631 Jesuit Padre Ruiz Montoya marches 2500 Indian families through the jungle around El Salto de Guayra Falls (-24d02m59s -53d57m53s) on the Pirana River to escape capture by the Paulistas.
1631 Mestizo artist Juan Dias crafts ceremonial silver maces in Havana.  These are among the first fine silver pieces produced in Havana.
1631 Fox explores Hudson's Bay.
1632 Galileo publishes "The System of the World," its object being the vindication of the Copernican doctrine.  He is again summoned before the Inquisition at Rome.
1632 the emperor Shah Jahan builds the Taj Mahal for the remains of his favourite wife, Mumtaz Mahal.
1633 Anthony van Diemen discovers New Amsterdam Island.
1633 June 22 Dressed in his scarlet robes, the presiding cardinal condemns Galileo at the convent of Minerva.
1634 Henry VIII declares himself independent of Rome and makes the church of England the first of those "nationalistic churches" in which the worldly ruler also acts as the spiritual head of his subjects.  This gives the house of Tudor the support of the English clergy, increases Royal power by confiscation of the former possessions of the monasteries, and makes Henry popular with the merchants and tradespeople of England.
1635? The firelock or flint-lock, is invented.
1635 Cavalieri's mathematical work on Indivisibles appears.  his method is improved by Torricelli and others.
1635 The first hongi raid is carried out to exterpate clove trees in Maluku with the help of the Dutch fleet.
1636 Tea becomes known in France.
1637 The Geometry of Descartes is published.  This contains the application of algebra to the definition and investigation of curved lines.
1637 October 12 The "Sovereign of the Seas" is launched.  She is designed by Phineas Pet, and built by Phineas and Peter Pet, his son.  The work took about two years.  She carries 100 brass cannon, and is 1600 tons.  She is the finest ship in the English service for the next 60 years.
1637 October 21       Laurens Reael, vice-governor of Ambon/poet/admiral, dies at 54.
1638 The Dutch establish the first permanent settlement on Mauritius.
1638 Pedro Texiera, a Portuguese, makes the first ascent of the Amazon.  He reaches Quito by way of the Rio Napo.
1638 Tea reaches Russia.
1638 The "Concepsion" sinks off Saipan.
1638 W. J. Blaeu's _Atlas_.
1639 Sri-Ranga, king of Vijayanagar, grants Mr. Day, head of the English trading station at Madras, a parcel of land one mile wide and five miles long, on which Fort St. George is later built.
1639 Kupiloff crosses Siberia to the east coast.
1640 Cinchona bark (from which quinine is obtained) is introduced into medicine.
1640 November Charles convenes a new parliament.  This one is even less pliable than the first one.  The members understand that the question of "Government by Divine Right" versus "Government by Parliament" must be fought out for good and all.  They execute half a dozen of the king's chief councillors, and announce that they will not allow themselves to be dissolved without their own approval.
1640 William Gascoigne first uses the telescope.
1640 April Charles convenes the British parliament.  It showed an ugly temper.  Charles dissolves it a few weeks later.
1641 December 1 The English parliament presents a "Grand Remonstrance" to the King which gives a detailed account of the many grievances of the people against their Ruler.
1641 Malaka is taken by the Dutch.
1642 August 14 Abel Tasman sets out from Batavia to circumnavigate Australia.
1642 January Charles, hoping to derive some support for his own policy in the country districts, leaves London.
1642 Abel Jansen Tasman discovers Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania) and Staaten Land (New Zealand).
1642 Wasilei Pojarkof traces the course of the Amur.
1643 June 15 Abel Tasman arrives back in Batavia after circumnaviting Australia.
1643 Louis XIV succeeds his father as king of France.
1643 Salahakan Majira replaces Luhu at Ambon.
1643 Torricelli invents the mercury barometer.
1643 Hendrik Brouwer identifies New Zealand.
1643 Tasman discovers Fiji.
1644 End of the Ming dynasty in China.
1644 The Ching dynasty gains power in China.
1644 November 19 The "strange apparition of three suns" is seen in London.
1645 after the battle of Naseby, Charles flees to Scotland.  The Scotch sell him to the English.
1645 Michael Staduchin reaches the Kolima.
1645 Nicolas Sanson's atlas.
1645 Italian Capuchin Mission explores the lower Congo.
1647 August 21 Phineas Pet is buried.
1648 July 13 Makian erupts.
1648 Sultan Mandar Syah comes to power in Ternate and rules till 1675.
1648 The Dutch capture Fort Malacca from the Portuguese.
1648 The Thirty Years War ends with the signing of the treaty of Westphalia.  Five-sixths of all German towns and villages have been destroyed.  A population of eighteen million has been reduced to four million.
1648 August After the three-days' battle of Preston Pans, Oliver Cromwell takes Edinburgh.  Meanwhile his soldiers, tired of further talk and wasted hours of religious debate, have decided to act on their own initiative.  They remove all those who do not agree with their own Puritan views from Parliament.  Thereupon the "Rump," which is what was left of the old Parliament, accuses the King of high treason.
1648 A small body of Portuguese under the Governor Salvador Correa de Sa Benevides expells the Dutch from their possessions in Loanda and Angola.
1648 The Cossack Dishinef sails between Asia and America.
1649 January 30 King Charles of England walks quietly out of a window of White Hall onto the scaffold.
1649 James Usher, an Irish Catholic bishop, declares that earth was created by God at precisely 6:00PM, October 22, 4004BC.
1650 England welcomes "That excellent and by all physicians approved China drink, called by the  Chineans Tcha, and by other nations Tay, alias Tee."
1650 Otto von Guericke invents the air (vacuum) pump.
1650 Four galleons are constructed at Massangano, in Angola, and cross the Atlantic to Rio.
1650 Staduchin reaches the Anadir, and meets Dishinef.
1652 Georg Everhard Rumpf enters the service of the Dutch East India Company.
1652 December 26 Georg Everhard Rumpf sails for Batavia as a midshipman.
1653 June Georg Everhard Rumpf reaches Batavia.  Later the same year or else early the next year, he reaches Maluku.
1653 Oliver Cromwell is officially made Lord Protector of England.  He rules five years.
1653 Ternate erupts.
1654 After many fruitless negotiations, Cromwell compels the United Provinces to give the sum of #300 thousand together with a small island as compensation to the descendants of those who suffered in the "Amboyna massacre."
1654 Christina, the only daughter of Gustavus Adolphus, the hero of the Thirty Years War, renounces the Swedish throne and goes to Rome to end her days as a devout Catholic.  She is the last queen of the house of Vassa.  She is succeeded by Charles X, a nephew of Gustavus Adolphus.  He is a Protestant.
1655 The people of Kelan offer the Dutch the head of the Prince of Ternate in order to save their city  from destruction.
1656 Christian Huygens invents the pendulum clock.
1656 The first postal system is set up in England.
1657 Georg Everhard Rumpf is appointed second merchant (onderkoopman) at Larike.
1657 The Accademia del Cimento is established at Florence.  Its meetings are held in the ducal palace.  The condition of admission into it is an abjuration of all faith, and a resolution to inquire into the truth.  Among its members are numbered many great men, such as Torricelli and Castelli.  It lasts ten years before being suppressed by the papal government.
1658 The Dutch oust the Portuguese from Ceylon, and gain control of the cinnamon trade.
1658 Oliver Cromwell dies.  The Stewarts return, but agree to obey Parliament.
1658 The Dutch East India Company (VOC) takes control of Buru.
1660 Georg Everhard Rumpf is appointed Chief (opperhooft) of Hitu Peninsula.
1660 Robert Hooke proposes to apply the telescope to the quadrant.
1660 Louis XIV of France marries Maria Theresa, daughter of the King of Spain.
1660 The Dutch attack and destroy Palembang.
1660 Charles II returns.  He is an amiable but worthless liar.
1661 Under the leadership of Jan de Witt, Raadpensionaris or Foreign Minister of the United Seven Netherlands, the first great international alliance, the Triple Alliance of Sweden, England and Holland is concluded.  It did not last long.
1662 Georg Everhard Rumpf is promoted to First Merchant (koopman) of Hitu, and stationed at Hila (de Wit 1959).
1662 Using the act of Uniformity Charles II breaks the power of the Puritan clergy by banishing all dissenting clergymen from their parishes.
1662 The Royal Society of London is incorporated.
1662 Tangier comes into the hands of the English as a part of the dowry of Catherine, queen of Charles II.
1663 The Spaniards abandone Ternate and Tidore.
1663 The Spaniards abandone Tidore, their last stronghold in the North Moluccas.
1664 Using the so-called Conventicle Act Charles II, of England, tries to prevent the Dissenters from attending religious meetings by a threat of deportation to the West Indies.
1665 The Great Plague of London.
1665 The plague makes a last visit to England.
1665 The Great Plague sweeps London, killing over 70 thousand of its estimated 460 thousand inhabitants.
1666 Francois Caron, the Director General of the newly formed French East India Company, sails to Madagascar.
1666 Georg Everhard Rumpf is temporarily appointed secunde at Ambon, directly under the governor.
1666 The Great Fire of London.
1666 The Great Fire of London.
1667 The Peace of Breeda is signed, giving Manhattan to the English and the island of Run to the Dutch.
1667 The cathedral of Mexico City is finished after 100 years in building.
1667 Milton's "Paradise Lost" is published.
1669 French astronomer Picard measures a degree of arc on the surface of the earth more accurately than has previously been done.  His results confirm Newton's calculations for the orbit of the moon.
1670? Robert Morison of Aberdeen publishes a classification of plants, his system taking into account the woody or herbaceous structure, as well as the flowers and fruit.  This classification is supplanted twelve years later by that of Ray, who arranges all known vegetables into thirty-three classes by fruit.  A few years later Rivinus, a professor of botany in the University of Leipzig, classifies plants by flower.  On the Continent Tournefort's classification is the most popular until the time of Linnaeus, his systematic arrangement including about eight thousand species of plants arranged chiefly according to the form of the corolla.
1670 April Georg Everhard Rumpf becomes blind.
1670 June 21 Georg Everhard Rumpf is summoned from Hitu to appear before the governor in Ambon to give an account of the state of his eyesight.
1670 Cassini gives 85 million miles as the distance from the earth to the sun.
1670 Newton builds his first reflecting telescope.  It is much smaller than and much superior to the refracting telescopes then in use.
1672 Peter, great-grandson of Michael, the son of another Feodor, is born.
1672 the French invade the low countries.  They marched to the heart of the country.  For a second time the dikes are opened and the Royal Sun of France set amidst the mud of the Dutch marshes.
1673 Mount Gamkonorah on the west coast of the northern peninsula of Halmahera erupts.
1673 The poet, Dryden, produces his "Tragedy of Amboyna," or "The Cruelties of the Dutch to the English Merchants."
1673 Mt. Gamalama erupts on Ternate.  A large but undetermined number of people are killed.
1676 The Swedish battleship, "Chronon" capsizes, explodes, and sinks in the Baltic.  800 seamen lose their lives.
1676 October 12 Sultan Amsterdam of Ternate signs Buru, Ambelau, Boano Kelang, and Ambon over to the Dutch.
1677? Besnier, a locksmith of Sable, builds a kind of flapping glider that actually flies.
1678 Henry Saville denounces drinking tea as a filthy custom.
1678 The Peace of Nimwegen is concluded.  It settles nothing but merely anticipates another war.
1680 March 25 Ensign Haak institutes Kalkebulang as king of Banggai in the name of Ternate.  He replaces the dethroned King Jangkal.
1680 Krakatau erupts violently.
1680 The Zuni attack and drive the Spanish from Arizona and New Mexico.
1680 The great comet appears.  Newton proves that it obeys Keplers laws.
1680 - 1725 The golden age of piracy.  During this time, perhaps 10 thousand men worked at piracy.
1681 Georg Everhard Rumpf is appointed as a member of Academia Naturae Curiosam of N-rnberg, with the title Plinius Indicus.
1681 The Quakers settle in Pennsylvania.
1682 Using Picard's measurement of 69.10 miles instead of 60 miles for one degree of latitude, Newton is finally able to verify his calculation for the orbit of the moonassuming gravity to be the centripetal force.
1682 May 9 The Sultan of Bacan, Alwadin, hands Obi and its dependencies over to the Dutch East India Company for the sum of 700 rijksdollars.
1682 The district of Ayer Aji throws off its dependence on Indrapura in Sumatra.
1682 La Salle descends the Mississippi.
1683 Antonius von Leeuwenhoek discovers microbes.
1683 Vienna is beseiged by the Turks.  Sobieski of Poland and Charles of Lorraine save it from capture.
1684 The British evacuate Tangier by order of the English government, who were disgusted by the expense of its occupation.
1685 Charles II of England dies peacefully in his bed.  He is succeeded by his brother, James II, a Catholic.
1687 January 11 A great fire burns most of Ambon.  Rumphius's house with his library, many manuscripts (but not all), and his own original illustrations for the Herbarium Amboinense are destroyed.
1687 tHE pARTHENON EXPLODES DURING A vENITIAN BOMBARDMENT.  tHE tURKS HAD BEEN USING IT AS A GUNPOWDER WAREHOUSE.  tHE vENITIANS THEN TRIED TO HAUL AWAY THE SCULPTURED HORSES FROM THE WEST PEDIMENT MAKING A MESS OF THE JOB.
1687 Isaac Newton publishes his "Principia."
1688 James II of England abdicates.
1688 James II throws the great seal into the Thames and flees to France.
1688 King James II of England issues a second Declaration of Indulgence, and orders it to be read in all Anglican churches.
1689 Louis XIV of france attacks the Netherlands again.  This war ends in 1697, with the Peace of Ryswick.  It also fails to give Louis that position in the affairs of Europe to which he aspires.
1690 Late in the year, Georg Everhard Rumpf sends the first six of twelve volumes of his Herbarium Amboinense to Java.
1690 Christian Huygens publishes his discovery of the polarization of light in "Traite de la Lumiere," in Leyden.
1692 September 12 The French sink the "Waterlandt," and the second set of the first six volumes of Georg Everhard Rumpf's Herbarium Amboinense are destroyed.
1692 The last witch is burned.
1692 Cham Lord Po Sot rebels against Nguyễn Phúc Trần, ruler of southern Vietnam.
1693 The British Government borrows money by selling annuities on lives from infancy upward based on average longevity.
1693 March John Harrison is born at Foulby, in the parish of Wragby, near Pontefract, Yorkshire, England.
1695 A Cham aristocrat named Oknha Dat obtains the help of the general A Ban, a Lauw (Orang Laut? Overseas Chinese?) leader, and defeats the Nguyễn forces of Nguyễn Phúc Chu.
1695 plates of engravings are stolen from Rumphius's quarters in Ambon.
1695 A revolution takes place at Indrapura, in Sumatra.  The prince who had protected the English is driven out.
1695 sultan Gulemat establishes himself at Manjuta by the assistance of the English.
1696 Raja Pasisir Barat, under the influence of the Dutch, is placed on the throne in Sumatra at the age of six years and his grandfather appointed guardian.
1696 Russians reach Kamtschatka.
1697 Determined to Europeanize Russia, Peter the Great, posing as Peter Mikhailov, begins an 18-month journey through Prussia, Holland, England, and Vienna, to study the European way of life.
1697 The Spanish destroy the last remains of Maya civilization int he Yucatan.
1697 Charles XI of Sweden dies suddenly and is succeeded by a boy of fifteen, Charles XII.
1698 Tsar Peter of Russia sets forth upon his first voyage to western Europe, and must return in hast to put down rebellion.  Sophia is imprisoned in a cloister.
1699 The Gregorian calendar comes into vogue in Germany.
1699 Dampier discovers his strait.
1700 November Charles XII of Sweden beats The raw and untrained armies of Tsar Peter in the battle of Narva.
1700 Delisle's maps.
1701 Georg Everhard Rumpf sends his last volume, the Auctuarium ('Augmentation'), to Batavia and Europe for publication.
1701 The great war for the Spanish succession begins immediately after the death of Charles II, the last of the Spanish Habsburgs.
1701 The Pasisir Barat Sumatrans quarrel with the Dutch and massacre Dutch settlers.
1701 Sinpopoff describes the land of the Tschutkis.
1702 June 15 Rumphius dies in Ambon.
1702 King William of England dies.  He is succeeded by his sister-in-law, Anne.
1703 Tsar Peter begins reclaiming land for the construction of St.  Petersburg, on the Baltic.
1704 Frederick Augustus of Poland abdicates.
1704 Newton publishes his work on "fluxions."  By this time, this knowledge has already been in his possession for many years.  The imperfect notation he employs seriously retards the application of this work.
1707 After a collosal earthquake, estimated today at magnitude 8.4, Mt. Fuji erupts in Japan.  Its southeast face becomes cratered.  Ash rains so thick that people light candles to see in the daytime.  Tokyo, 70 miles away, is blanketed with ash.
1707 Denis Papin constructs a small steam engine, and fits it in a boat.
1708 July 31 between 9 and 10 PM, A meteor is seen evidently between forty and fifty miles high, apparently over Shereness and the buoy on the Nore.
1709 The Moscovites destroy the exhausted armies of Sweden in the battle of Poltawa.
1712 St.  Petersburg is officially declared to be the "Imperial Residence.
1712 Nguyễn Lord Nguyễn Phúc Chu forges a new treaty with Cham Lord Po Saktiray Da Patih.
1713 The carpenter, John Harrison, builds an eight-day clock of wood while he is 20 years old.
1713 The Great War for the Spanish succession is ended by the Peace of Utrecht.  The treasury of Louis XIV is ruined.
1713 The buried city of Herculaneum is discovered.
1714 An Act is passed by the English Legislature offering a very large reward to anyone able to invent a means of calculating longitude with considerable accuracy.
1714 Queen Anne of England dies.  Not one of her 17 children has survived her.  She is succeeded by George I of the House of Hanover, the son of Sophie, grand-daughter of James I.
1715 France seizes Mauritius and later renames it Île de France (Isle of France).
1715 In his "Method of Increments," Taylor adds his celebrated "Taylor's Theorem" to the Binomial theorem previously discovered by Newton.
1715 King Louis XIV of France dies.
1716 Tsar Peter goes on his second western trip, and must return again to quell rebellion.
1716 A brilliant aurora borealis is seen in England.
1716 John Lombe arrives back in London from Italy with the secret of spinning thrown silk.
1717 The English form their first settlement at Moco-moco, Sumatra.
1717 Black Sam Belamy captures the "Wida," an English slave trader.
1718 Austria wins Belgrade and the greater part of Serbia from the Turks.
1718 Charles XII of Sweden is accidentally killed or assassinated (we do not know which).
1718 Jesuit map of China and East Asia published by the Emperor Kang - hi.
1719 Reaumer first suggests the possibility of making paper from wood.  He got the idea by examining wasps' nests.
1720? Bartolomeo Cristofori makes a "clavier" which allows the performer to play both loudly and softly ("piano" and "forte").
1721 A great plague from the East sweeps through southern France.
1721 Lady Mary Wortley Montagu brings the Mohammedan discovery of inoculation from Constantinople to England.  It is so strenuously resisted by the clergy that nothing short of its adoption by the royal family of England can bring it into use.
1721 Peace is made in the town of Nystadt.  Sweden has lost all her former Baltic possessions except for Finland.  The new Russian state, created by Peter, has become the leading power of northern Europe.
1721 Peter makes himself head of the Russian Church.
1721 Halley succeeds Flamsteed as astronomer royal at the Greenwich Observatory.  He is 64.
1721 Hans Egede re - settles Greenland.
1724 Philip V of Spain abdicates.
1725 Tsar Peter dies.  St.  Petersburg is the largest city in northern Europe.
1725 Catharine I establishes the Imperial Academy of Sciences at St. Petersburg.  This was projected by her late husband, Peter the Great.
1726 John Harrison experiments with two temperature compensation clocks until he can get them to click together unaffected by temperature in adjoining rooms.
1727 Hales publishes his "Vegetable Statics," the first important work on the subject of vegetable physiology, for which reason he is called the father of this branch of science.
1728 John Harrison goes to London looking for money with which to continue his research, and receives encouragement from horologist George Graham, but no cash.
1729 Olaf Rudbeck reads a short paper by Linnaeus and notices his botanical knowledge.  Next year, he appoints him his assistant.
1730 John Kay invents the "fly shuttle."
1730 Thomas Godfrey of Philadelphia invents the reflecting quadrant, later improved to become the sextant.
1730 Ahmed III, Sultan of Turkey abdicates.
1730 Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia abdicates.
1731 John Hadley independently invents the reflecting quadrant.
1731 October 23 Fire breaks out in the Cottonian library, in England.
1731 Hadley invented the sextant.
1731 Krupishef sails round Kamtschatka.
1731 Paulutski travels round the north - east corner of Siberia.
1733 Chester Moor Hall invents the achromatic telescope.
1733? Charles Francois de Cisternay Dufay demonstrates that there are two apparently different kinds of electricity.  He calls one VITREOUS because it is produced by rubbing glass, and the other RESINOUS because it is produced by rubbing resinous bodies.
1734 Euler introduces his Calculus of Partial Differences.  This is extended by D'Alembert, and is followed by that of Variations, by Euler and Lagrange.
1735 John Harrison arrives in London with his chronometer to claim the reward for the discovery of a means to determine longitude at sea.
1735 the sheikh of Lahej throws off his allegiance to the sultan of Sana, and founds an independent line of sultans of Aden.
1735 - 37. Maupertuis measures an arc of the meridian.
1736 John Harrison finishes his first chronometer.
1736 Jonathan Hulls patents a steamboat.  A paddle-wheel placed at the stern of the vessel is worked by means of a Newcomen engine.  It fails.
1736 Mount Gamkonorah on the west coast of the northern peninsula of Halmahera erupts.
1739 John Harrison finishes his second chronometer.
1739 The Turks retake Serbia.  The Moslem Turk rulers subject the Christian population to great barbarities.
1739 Exceptional cold strikes Ireland.  Water freezes in mid-air while being poured into a glass.
1739 - 44. Lord George Anson circumnavigates the globe.
1740 Emperor Charles VI, of Austria, dies.
1740 Frederick ascends the Prussian throne.
1740 Varenne de la Veranderye discovers the Rocky Mountains.
1741 January John Harrison exhibits his third chronometer before the Royal Society in London.
1741 Behring discovers his strait.
1742 Chelyuskin discovers his cape.
1743 The buried city of Pompei is discovered.
1743 Condamine goes down the Amazon.
1743 - 44. La Condamine explores the Amazon.
1745 October Dean Von Kleist invents the Leyden jar.
1745 - 61. Bourguignon d'Anville produces his maps.
1746 June John Harrison appears before the board again to request money.  He is granted another 500L.
1749 November 30 Mr.  Folkes, President of the Royal Society, presents the gold medal to John Harrison.
1750 Johann Sebastian Bach dies.
1750 July Ben Franklin gives careful instructions as to the way in which lightning rods might be constructed.  He gets disdained by the English Royal Society for his pains.  The French prove him right.
1751 England adopts the Gregorian calendar.
1752 John Shore, Handel's trumpeter, invents the tuning fork.
1752 The Royal Society of London introduces the Gregorian Calendar into England against violent religious opposition.
1753 February 17 C. M. (identity lost) suggests using static electricity for a telegraph system in the Scots Magazine.
1753? John Canton, an Englishman, demonstrates that under certain conditions both (vitrious and resinous) kinds of electricity might be produced by rubbing the same substance.
1754 Kota Laha is badly damaged by an earthquake.
1756 In his "Essay on Tea," Jonas Hanway says that men seem to lose their stature and comeliness, and women their beauty, through the  use of tea.
1757 Famine kills about 10 thousand people in Iceland.
1758 John Harrison finishes his third chronometer.
1758 The great comet of 1680 returns, just as Halley predicted.
1758 September 29 Horatio (future Viscount) is born to Edmund and Catherine Nelson in the parsonage of Burnham Thorpe, a village in the county of Norfolk, where Edmund is rector.
1759 Charles of Naples (on accession to throne of Spain) abdicates.
1759 Halley's comet returns, just as Halley predicted.
1760 Tapanuli is taken by a squadron of French ships under the command of the Comte d'Estaing.
1760 King George 2 of England dies abruptly of aortic disection while straining on the commode.
1760 September 11 Monday night Violent eruption of Mount Makian.
1761 John Harrison finishes his fourth chronometer, which is a pocket version, about five inches in diameter.
1761 German physician Avenbrugger publishes a book about percussion (tapping the chest of a patient to elicit sounds indicative of diseased tissues within).
1761 - 67. Carsten Niebuhr surveys Arabia.
1762 January 19 William Harrison, John's son, arrives at Jamaica aboard the Deptford.  Harrison's 4th chronometer is found to be only 5.1 seconds off.
1762 March 26 William Harrison arrives back in Portsmouth from Jamaica.
1762 August 17 The Board of Longitude passes a resolution stating that they "are of opinion that the experiments made of the watch (Harrison's 4th chronometer) had not been sufficient to determine the longitude at sea."
1764 March 28 William Harrison departs with the timekeeper on board the ship Tartar for Barbadoes.  He returns in about four months.
1764 September The Board of Longitude relents enough to pay John Harrison 1000L, but still denies him the full 20 thousandL reward.
1764 The Sardinian minister orders four of Harrison's chronometers at the price of 1000L.  each, at the special instance of the King of Sardinia "as an acknowledgement of Mr.  Harrison's ingenuity, and as some recompense for the time spent by him for the general good of mankind."
1764 John Byron surveys the Falkland Islands.
1765 Harrison perfects the chronometer.
1766 Jonathan Carver, the son of a British officer, sets out from Boston to explore the wilderness north of Albany along the southern shores of the Great Lakes.
1767 The Jesuits are expelled from Spain and her colonial possessions.
1767 First appearance of the _Nautical Almanac_.
1768 July 20 Sultan Jamaludin ratifies giving up all claims to Ceram.
1768 June 12 Sultan Jamaludin gives up all claims to Ceram and surrounding islands.
1768 An Iron foundry is erected by the order of the famous Marquis of Pombal Near where the Lucalla receives the Luinha in Angola.  Massive stones are used.
1768 Carteret discovers Pitcairn Island, and sails through St. George's Channel, between New Britain and New Ireland.
1768 - 71. Cook's first voyage; discovers New Zealand and east coast of Australia; passes through Torres Strait.
1769? Captain James Cook sails for Tahiti and discovers Australia.
1769 Madame Godin, a delicate young woman, attempts to descend the Amazon to its mouth in an open boat.  She has seven attendants, including her two brothers, but she is the only one who survives.
1769 James Watt invents his double-acting engine--the first step by which steam is rendered capable of being successfully used to impel a vessel.
1769 Napoleon Bonaparte is born.
1769 June 3 Captain James Cook observes the transit of Venus over the face of the sun from Point Venus, in Tahiti.  The same event is observed from 50 stations in Europe, six in Asia, and 17 in America.
1769 - 71. Hearne traces river Coppermine.
1769 - 71. James Bruce re - discovers the source of the Blue Nile in Abyssinia.
1770 Associate Provost Pierre Poivre manages to smuggle clove and nutmeg seedlings out of the Spice Islands to Mauritius, thus ending the Dutch monopoly of the spice trade.
1770 James Hargreaves gets a patent on his "spinning jenny."
1770 The Boston massacre erupts between civilians and British troops.
1770 Liakhoff discovers the New Siberian Islands.
1771 Captain James Cook's Southsea Island expedition arrives back in England.
1771 - 72. Pallas surveys West and South Siberia.
1772 Mt. Gamalama erupts on Ternate.  About twenty inhabitants are killed.
1772 Lagrange introduces the method of Derivative Functions.
1773 Pope Clement XIV suppresses the Jesuit Order at the request of most of the Catholic powers of Europe.  669 colleges are closed.  223 missions are abandoned.  More than 22 thousand members are dispersed.
1773 John Harrison finally receives half payment of his rightful reward.
1775 Spanish explorers extend their discoveries as far north as the fifty-eighth parallel.
1776 June Richard Henry Lee of Virginia proposes a motion to the Continental Congress that "these united colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states, that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political connection between them and the state of Great Britain is and ought to be, totally dissolved."
1776 March 24 John Harrison dies.
1776 Cavendish discovers hydrogen.
1776 July 4 The United States officially declare independence from Britain.
1776 September 6 American pilot Ezra Lee tries to attach a torpedo to British admiral Howe's flagship, the H.M.S. Eagle, in New York Harbor using the submarine, "Turtle," which is powered by a hand-operated propeller.  Lee runs out of air, and the attempt fails.
1776 - 79. Cook's third voyage; surveys North - West Passage; discovers Owhyhee (Hawaii), where he was killed.
1777 James Watt gives the world the steam engine.
1778 April 2 On a single day, the Bandas suffer an earthquake, a tidal wave, a volcanic eruption, and a hurricane.
1778 Captain Cook reaches and enters Nootka Sound.  Leaving numerous harbors and bays unexplored, he presses on and visits the shores of Unalaska (Alaska).  He traces the coast as far north as Icy Cape.  Cold weather drives him westward across the Pacific, and he spends the winter in Owyhee (Hawaii).  This is the first recorded contact between Hawaii and the outside world.
1778 The last Spanish flota sails from America for Spain.
1779 February Indignant Hawaiians bludgeon and stab Captain James Cook to death at Kawaloa Point, Hawaii.
1781 The English capture Padang.
1781 James Hutton of Edinburgh publishes his uniformitarian view of geology.
1781 The Royal Swedish Academy (of science) is incorporated.
1781 The English capture Padang in Sumatra.
1782 March 18 A magazine at Fort Marlborough, Sumatera, containing four hundred barrels of powder, is fired by lightning and blows up.
1783 August 28 Charles's hydrogen balloon rises over Paris.
1783 June 8 The Laki Craters of Iceland begin erupting and continue for eight months, probably causing many deaths in England.
1783 October 15 Pilatre de Rozier makes the first human balloon ascent.  The balloon is tethered, and only allowed to rise to a height of 80 feet.
1783 June 5 Joseph and Stephen Montgolfier give their first public exhibition with a balloon constructed of paper and of a circumference of 112 feet at Versailles.
1783 Volcanic eruptions occur in the interior of Iceland.  Tremendous streams of lava carry everything before them.  Great rivers are checked in their courses, and form lakes.  For more than a year a thick cloud of smoke and volcanic ashes cover the whole of Iceland, and nearly darken the sunlight.  Horned cattle, sheep, and horses die.  Famine comes, with its accompanying illnesses.  Smallpox re-appears.  In a few years more than 11 thousand persons die.
1783 November 12 Chemist Antoin Lavoisiur reports to the French Academy of Sciences that water is a compound, and not an element.
1784 June 4 Madame Thible makes a 45-minute ascent to 9 thousand feet in a free balloon.
1784 England gets its first mail coach.
1785 Thomas Jefferson goes to Paris.  He represents the United States there until 1789.
1785 January 7 Blanchard and Jeffries are the first to cross the English Channel by balloon.
1785 - 88. La Perouse surveys north - east coast of Asia and Japan, discovers Saghalien, and completes delimitation of the ocean.
1785 - 94. Billings surveys East Siberia.
1786 Frederick II, of Prussia, dies.
1786 War breaks out between the Tây Sơn, under Nguyễn Nhạc, and Nguyễn Ánh in Vietnam, and Cham Lord Chei Krei Brei and his court flee to Cambodia.
1787 July 7 John Wilkinson, of Bradley Forge, in Staffordshire, England, launches the first iron boat.
1787 The US Constitution is adopted.  This is the first of all written constitutions.
1787 Yarmouth people begin the English deep-sea herring fishery.
1787 John Fitch of Connecticut builds a steam boat that navigates the Delaware river.
1787 March 11 Horatio Nelson marries Mrs. Nisbet.
1787 Patrick Miller, of Dalswinton, invents a double-hulled boat which is propelled on the Firth of Forth by men working a capstan which drives the paddles on each side.
1787 - 88. Lesseps surveys Kamtschatka and crosses the Old World from east to west.
1788 Roderick Mackenzie, cousin of Sir Alexander Mackenzie, builds Fort Chipewyan on Lake Athabasca.
1788 The British settle for the first time in Australia at Port Jackson, now Sydney.
1788 October 14 Patrick Miller successfully tests the first paddle steamboat on Dalswinton Lake.
1788 The African Association founded.
1789 Fletcher Christian & Co. settle on Pitcairn Island.
1789 July 14 The French people destroy the Bastille prison.
1789 November 2 The French Assembly decrees the confiscation of the goods of the Church.
1789 September Captain Blair establishes a settlement on Chatham Island, in the southeast bay of the Great Andaman, now called Port Blair, but then Port Cornwallis.
1789 A Paris mob storms the Bastille, beginning the bloodiest period of the French revolusion.
1789 Captain William Bligh and 18 men sail 3,600 miles in an open boat from Tonga to Timor.
1789 - 93. Mackenzie discovers his river, and first crosses North America.
1790 Goethe publishes a theory stating that all flower parts are modified or metamorphosed leaves.
1791 The French Convention, in a sudden outburst of love and human brotherhood, bestows upon their black Haitian brethren all the privileges hitherto enjoyed by their white masters.
1791 Bologna physician Luigi Galvani discovers that violent muscular contractions can be produced by bringing metals into contact with the nerves of a frog's leg.  This experiment leads to the invention of the galvanic battery, and is regarded as the beginning of modern electricity.
1792 May 11 sailing the good ship "Columbia," Captain Gray, of Boston, discovers the Columbia River.
1792 The French Convention is assembled in Paris.  It begins by decreeing the abolition of royalty, and proclaims the Republic.
1792 Volta announces the discovery of the electric current.
1792 Thomas Jefferson proposes to the American Philosophical Society of Philadelphia that a subscription should be opened to raise money for an expedition across the Rocky Mountains.
1792 February The King of Prussia and the Emperor of Austria sign an alliance against France.
1792 French Captain Francois is marooned three years on New Amsterdam island (1792-1795).  His memoirs are published in 1824, in Paris.
1792 Vancouver explores his island.
1793 Eli Whitney invents his cotton gin.
1793 April The French Committee of Public Safety is instituted.
1793 January 21 King Louis mounts the scaffold in Paris.
1793 September The Terror commences its reign in France, and lasts until Robespierre dies, six months later.
1793 Work begins on the Capitol building in Washington, D.C.
1793 October The French Committee of Public Safety abolishes the worship of God.
1793 The French Assembly declares Belgium united to France.
1793 The French Convention orders a general levy of all Frenchmen between the ages of eighteen and forty, and succeeds in sending to the frontiers a total of some 750 thousand men.
1793? Nelson is blinded in one eye at Calvi.
1793 The Louvre becomes national art gallery in Paris.
1793 April Assembled at Antwerp, the representatives of England, Prussia, and Austria resolve to dismember France.
1793 January 31 Alessandro Volta's report of Galvani's discovery is read to the Royal Society of London.
1793 Browne reaches Darfur, and reports the existence of the White Nile.
1794 The 13 United States get their first surfaced road.
1794 Fort Kota Laha falls into the hands of the British East India Company.
1794 German physicist Ernst F. F. Chladni urges his cosmical theory of meteorites when the very existence of meteorites is denied by most scientists.
1794 under the orders of the National Convention, Napoleon Bonaparte quells the mob of Paris with loaded cannon and puts a final end to the Reign of Terror that has long prevailed.
1795 October 5 The French put down an insurrection against the Convention.
1795 Stanislaus II of Poland abdicates.
1795 Hoche "pacifies" the Vendee country of France.  This pacification is simply the practical extermination of its defenders.
1795 Not less than three professors invented the famous Leyden Jar.
1795 October 26 The French Convention declares its mission terminated, and gives way to the Directory.
1796 The Spice Islands briefly revert to England.
1796 The sultan's palace is built in Ternate.
1796 Edward Jenner makes his first inoculation with cowpox matter.  Two months later the same subject is inoculated with smallpox matter.  No smallpox attack follows.
1796 Tuen Phaow, a noble of Makah (Kelantan) heads a major revolt against the new Cham leaders (Po Ladhwan Paghuh, Po Chơng Chơn and Po Klan Thu), but fails.
1796? Horatio Nelson loses his right arm at Teneriffe.
1796 John Adams defeats Thomas Jefferson in the US presidential election.
1796? Horatio Nelson loses an arm at Teneriffe.
1796 May The British remove their settlers from Port Cornwallis in the Andaman Islands.
1796 Napoleon begins to fight, and by April 1797 gains complete victory over all the enemies of France.
1796 Captain Jonathan Carnes secretly sails his schooner, "Rajah," to Sumatera to acquire bulk pepper.
1796 British Admiral Rainier captures Amboyna.
1796 Mungo Park reaches the Niger.
1796 Lacerda explores Mozambique.
1797 Bass discovers his strait.
1798 The British fleet blockades France.
1798 Earl Stanhope perfects the printing press that bears his name.
1798 A small squadron under Captain Ball begins to blockade Malta by sea.
1798 September 22 Horatio Nelson receives a hero's welcome at Naples.
1798 May Napoleon embarks for Egypt from Toulon.
1798 July 2 French troops storm Alexandria.  It remains in their hands until the British expedition of 1801 arrives.
1798 The French find the Rosetta Stone among the ruins of Fort Saint Julien, near the Rosetta mouth of the Nile.
1798 Napoleon executes prisoners of war who have been promised their lives in Egypt.
1798 In utter despair and misery over the ridicule he got for developing the steamboat, John Fitch kills himself by taking poison.  He is the man who long before any one else had used the "steam-boat" for commercial purposes.
1798 August 1 Horatio Nelson & Co. destroy and capture most of the French fleet anchored at Alexandria.
1798 The Irish rebel against Britain, and the British stamp out the rebellion in blood.
1799 Napoleon Bonaparte becomes "First Consul" of France.
1799 - 1804. Alexander von Humboldt explores South America.
1800 The Dutch government nationalises the VOC.
1800 June 14 Napoleon routs the Austrians on the plain of Marengo, in Italy.
1800 June 19 Moreau wins a brilliant victory at Hockstadt, near Blemheim, Germany.  He takes 5 thousand prisoners and twenty pieces of cannon, and forces from the Austrians an armed truce which leaves him master of South Germany.
1800 May 7  Nicholson and Carlisle discover that current from the galvanic battery can separate water into hydrogen and oxygen.  This is the beginning of the science of electrochemistry.
1800 June 9 French Marshal Lannes meets and defeats the Austrians at Montebello after a hot engagement.
1800 - 4. Lewis and Clarke explore the basin of the Missouri.
1801 January 1 Piazzi, astronomer of Palermo, observes an apparent star that moves.  It turns out to be an asteroid orbiting between Mars and Jupiter.  He names it CERES FERDINANDIA, after the tutelary goddess of Sicily.  He communicates the news by post to Bode of Berlin and Oriani of Milan.
1801 M.  Le Blond proposes a plan for lighting a part of the streets of Paris with gas.
1801 April 2 Nelson defeats the Danes at Copenhagen.
1801 August 13 French Alexandria surrenders to the British.
1801 March 23 at night, Alexander sits in a room of the St.  Michael Palace in Petersburg, waiting for the news of his father's abdication.  The drunken officers place a document on the table before Emperor Paul, his father, but Paul refuses to sign it.  In their rage, they put a scarf around his neck and strangle him to death.  Then they go downstairs to tell Alexander that he is Emperor of Russia.  This traumatizes him for the rest of his life.
1801 lORD hELGIN CARRIES OFF MOST OF THE REMAINING SCULPTURE IN THE pARTHENON TO lONDON.
1801 November 12 Thomas Young delivers a lecture explaining the wave theory of light.
1801 during the presidency of Thomas Jefferson) the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation is most unceremoniously relegated to the scrapheap of history.
1801 June 21 van Dockum and Rodijk treacherously take Cranssen prisoner.  Ternate surrenders to the English.
1801 Haitian Black leader Toussaint is asked to visit Leclerc and discuss terms of peace.  He receives the solemn promise that he will not be molested.  He trusts his white adversaries, is put on board a ship and shortly afterwards dies in a French prison.
1801 The steamboat, "Charlotte Dundas," is used to tow vessels along the Forth and Clyde Canal, and to bring ships up the Firth of Forth to the canal entrance at Grangemouth.
1801 - 4. Flinders coasts south coast of Australia.
1802 Mr. Wedgwood places a piece of paper upon a frame and sponges it over with a solution of nitrate of silver.  Over this he places a glass slide.  Light passing through the glass slide leaves a negative image of that on the slide, but although both Mr. Wedgwood and Sir Humphry Davey experiment carefully, they are unable to fix this negative image on the paper.
1802 June 4 Charles Emanuel IV of Sardinia abdicates.
1802 Nguyễn Ánh (the Emperor Gia Long) regains control over Vietnam, and Cham leaders regain their special rights.
1802 Britain acquires Ceylon from Holland.
1802 The British restore Ambon to the Dutch at the peace of Amiens.
1802 Roumania becomes an autonomous principality.
1802 Inventor William Murdock brilliantly illuminates the whole of the works at Soho using gaslight.
1802 December London chemist Luke Howard, aged 13, argues that there are only 3 types of cloud: cirrus (fiber or hair), cumulus (heap or pile), and stratus (layer or sheet).  He theorized that water droplets condense into one of these primary forms depending on prevailing humidity, temperature,and pressure.
1802 The frozen body of a hairy elephant (named by Cuvier the mammoth) is found embedded in a mass of ice in Siberia.  It is so wonderfully preserved that the dogs of the Tungus fishermen actually eat its flesh.
1802 Dr.  Olbers, physician- astronomer of Bremen, while following up the course of Ceres, discovers asteroid Pallas.
1803 July 31 The United States Senate formally ratifies the Louisiana Purchase agreement between the US and France.
1803 May 16 Lewis and Clark depart St. Louis.
1803 Ternate reverts to the Dutch.
1803 May 3 A large fireball appears over L'Aigle, France, in broad daylight, explodes loudly, and sends a shower of thousands of rock fragments over an area extending several miles.
1803 Thomas Jefferson consumates the Louisiana Purchase with a financially strapped Napoleon.
1803 The Us buys the French colony of Louisiana (which has been in great danger of capture by the English) from Napoleon for $15 million.  It has an area exceeding all the rest of the United States.  From this territory are later carved the states of Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, the Dakotas, Montana, Oklahoma, the Indian Territory and most of the states of Wisconsin, Minnesota, Colorado and Wyoming.
1803-1804 Lewis and Clark, shut out of Spanish territory, recross the Mississippi and winter at the mouth of Wood River, just above St. Louis.
1803 December 20 The lower part of the Louisiana Territory, commonly known as Orleans, is transfered to the US at New Orleans.
1804 Harding of Lilienthal discovers Asteroid Juno.
1804 March 10 The upper part of the Louisiana Territory is transfered to the US at St. Louis.
1804 The Serbs rebel after 400 years of vassalage to Turkey.  Only Russian intervention saves them from defeat.
1804 - 1806 Lewis and Clarke expedition across the US to the estuary of the Columbia river.
1804 Black George, a Servian swineherd, (the founder of the Karageorgevich dynasty) starts a revolt against the Turks.  He is defeated by his enemies and is murdered by one of his supposed friends, the rival Servian leader, called Milosh Obrenovich, (who becomes the founder of the Obrenovich dynasty).  The Turks continue to be the undisputed masters of the Balkans.
1804-1805 Lewis and Clark winter at Fort Mandan.  Here they obtain the services of an interpreter, Chaboneau, and his wife, Sacajawea ("Bird Woman").
1804 Fourdrinier and Donkin  make the production of continuous rolls of paper practicable by their invention of the paper-making machine.
1804 Napoleon makes himself Hereditary Emperor of the French.  He sends for Pope Pius VII to come and crown him, just like Leo III crowned Charlemagne, in the year 800.
1804 Richard Trevithick builds a locomotive that carries a load of twenty tons at Pen-y-darran in the Wales mining district.
1804 Jezzar Pasha builds a mosque in Acre (Akka) from materials taken from Caesarea Palaestina.  His tomb is in this mosque.
1804 May 21 Monday, Lewis and Clark set sail up the Missouri River to begin their expedition.
1804 John Dalton publishes a theory of atomic weights.
1805 October The French surround the Austrian army under General Mack at Ulm and force its surrender.
1805 May 26 Sunday,  Lewis and Clark see the Rocky Mountains for the first time.
1805 April 8 The long voyage of the Lewis and Clark expedition begins somewhere below the mouth of the Big Knife River on the Missouri.
1805 Nelson annihilates the Napoleonic fleet Near Cape Trafalgar on the southwestern coast of Spain.  The French are landlocked.
1805 October 21 Nelson defeats the combined navies of France and Spain at Trafalgar.  He is struck by a sniper's ball, and dies in 195 minutes.  He lived long enough to be informed of his complete victory.
1805 December 2 Napoleon defeats the combined forces of Europe at Austerlitz.  He takes more than 30 thousand prisoners, including twenty generals, and with them a hundred and twenty pieces of cannon and forty flags.
1805 November 8 Lewis and Clark see the Pacific Ocean.
1805 - 7. Pike explores the country between the sources of the Mississippi and the Red River.
1806 September 23 Noon, Lewis and Clark arrive back at St. Louis.
1806 October 4 Napoleon defeats the Prussians at Jena.  Marshal Davoust defeats the forces of the Duke of Brunswick.
1807 August An American artist named Fulton starts running his paddle steamboat, the "Clermont,"  on the Hudson.  It attains a speed of nearly five miles an hour.
1807 Rev. A. J. Forsyth patents the invention which makes the percussion cap possible.  It consists of priming with a fulminating powder made of chlorate of potash, sulphur and charcoal, which explodes by concussion.
1807 The steamboat "Clermont," begins a regular service between New York and Albany.  It is equipped with an engine built by Boulton and Watt, of Birmingham, England.  It has been given a monopoly of all the waters of New York State.  It is owned by Robert Fulton and Robert R.  Livingston.
1807 January 30 Napoleon leaves Warsaw and marches in search of the enemy.
1807 June 13 Napoleon defeats the Prussians again near Friedland, on the River Alle, in the vicinity of Konigsberg, toward which the Russians are marching.
1807 Thomas Jefferson signs the Embargo Act, aimed against Britain and France but crippling American sea trade.
1807 The royal family of Portugal flees to the colonies in Brazil.
1807 Explorer Alexander von Humboldt publishes the first of 30 volumes on Spanish America.
1807 Olbers discovers asteroid Vesta.
1807 Thomas Young introduces the word, "energy,"  to physics.
1807 February 8 Napoleon gains a shakey victory at Eylau, but both armies are so exhausted that they do not fight again for several months.
1808 June 6 Joseph Bonaparte of Naples abdicates.
1808 March 19 Charles IV of Spain abdicates.
1809 May 22 Napoleon suffers heavy losses while trying to retreat across the Danube.  More than 40 thousand lie dead or wounded on the field.  Among the dead is the brilliant Marshal Lannes, one of Napoleon's ablest aids.
1809 October 14 Napoleon signs a peace treaty with Austria and Prussia.
1809 In Philosophie Zoologique, Lamarck explicitly formulates his ideas about the transmutation of species.
1809 October Tapanuli is taken by the Creole French frigate, Captain Ripaud, joined afterwards by the Venus and La Manche; under the orders of Commodore Hamelin.
1809 British troops blow up one of the arches of the AlcVntara bridge.  Later, it is temporarily reconstructed.
1809 March 29 Gustavus IV of Sweden abdicates.
1810 The British retake Ambon.
1810 Onions and Son, of Brosely, build several iron vessels for use upon the Severn.
1810 December 3 The French surrender Mauritius to Britain on terms allowing settlers to keep their land and property and to use the French language and law of France in criminal and civil matters.
1810 British forces occupy Ternate.
1810 July 2 Louis Bonaparte of Holland abdicates.
1810 December Sir Stamford Raffles arrives in Malacca.
1810 Sir Humphrey Davy constructs a battery of two thousand cells with which he produces a bright arc light from points of carbon.  He demonstrates this before the members of the Royal Institution.
1810 - 29. Malte - Brun publishes his _Geographic Universelle_.
1811 The "Rapid," en route from Boston to Canton, strikes a reef off western Australia.  On board is a fortune in coins meant for the purchase of Chinese goods.
1811 Avogadro coins the term, "molecule," and publishes his law.
1811 English surgeon and experimental physiologist Charles Bell observes that the anterior roots of the spinal nerves are given over to the function of conveying motor impulses from the brain outward, whereas the posterior roots convey solely sensory impulses to the brain from without.
1811 The British invade Java.
1811 Venezuela declares its independence, and Simon Bolivar becomes one of the revolutionary generals.  Within two months, the rebels are defeated and Bolivar flees.
1811 April Frederick Koenig's steam printing press begins to run.
1811 Massena invades Portugal, but is faced by General Wellington, leading a British army, and forced to retreat.
1811 Russian electrician Jacobi  tests Indiarubber as an insulater for submerged cables.
1812 November 26 The French army reaches Beresina River.  The Russians slaughter great numbers.  It is said that 30 thousand bodies are found and burned in the spring.
1812 September 15 The French occupy Moscow, the "Holy City" of Russia.  Napoleon takes up his quarters in the famous palace of the Kremlin, from which he hopes to dictate terms of peace to the obstinate Czar.
1812 September 16 Moscow burns.
1812 Napoleon depletes his army in Spain for the Russian campaign.  Wellington marches his army into Spain and, aided by Spanish patriots, takes possession of Madrid, driving King Joseph from his throne.
1812 Serbia gains independence by the terms of the Treaty of Bukarest.
1812 Sir William Congrave invents the sprinkler system for fire control in buildings.
1812 October 18 Napoleon gives orders to retreat from Russia.
1812 December 13 Some 16 thousand haggard and staggering men, almost too weak to hold the arms to which they still despairingly clung, recrossed the Niemen.  These are all that is left of the French "Grand Army" which passed in such magnificent strength and with such abounding resources less than six months before.  This is the greatest and most astounding disaster in the military history of the world.
1812 November 26 After trudging through mud and sleet for several weeks, the retreating French army reaches the river Berezina, and the Russians attack.
1812 Russia wins that part of Moldavia and Bessarabia which lies beyond the Pruth.
1812 September 15 Moscow catches fire in the night, and burns for four days.
1813 Holland receives back East-Indies property taken by the British.
1813 October 16, 18, and 19, the terrible battle of Leipzig takes place.  Boys in green and boys in blue fight each other until the Elbe runs red with blood.  On the afternoon of the 17th of October, the massed reserves of Russian infantry break through the French lines.  Napoleon flees to Paris, and abdicates.
1813 October 16-18 Napoleon makes his final stand against all the powers of central and eastern Europe at Leipzig.  Then, his ammunition nearly exhausted, he gives the order to retreat.
1813 August 26 Napoleon gains his last great victory.
1813 The Turks retake Serbia.
1814 The British restore Ambon to the Dutch.
1814 April 7 Napoleon signs an act of abdication and is exiled to the small island of Elba, in the Mediterranean, with an army of 400 men, chosen from his famous Old Guard.
1814 Indian Massacre at Fort Mims.
1814 There is only one steam vessel in Scotland.
1814 Westminster Bridge is lighted by gaslight, and the streets of St.  Margaret's, Westminster, shortly thereafter.
1814 November 29 In london a newspaper edition is printed on a steam-powered press for the first time.  This is the newspaper steam press created by Frederick Koenig.
1814 April 4 French Emperor Napoleon I abdicates.  The Bourbons are restored to power.
1814 August The Jesuits return to France.
1814 Evans discovers Lachlan and Macquarie rivers.
1815 June 18 Sunday Napoleon meets Wellington near Waterloo.  At 2:00 PM the battle seems won for the French.  At 3:00 PM a speck of dust appears on the eastern horizon.  Napoleon believes this is the approach of his own cavalry, who will now turn the English defeat into a rout.  At 4:00 PM, Cursing and swearing, old Blucher drives his dead-tired troops into the heart of the fray.  The shock breaks the ranks of the guards.  Napoleon has no further reserves.  He tells his men to save themselves as best they can, and flees.  Again he abdicates in favor of his son.
1815 Ceylon becomes part of the British Empire.
1815 June 22 French Emperor Napoleon I, abdicates.
1815 Milosh leads the Serbs to complete independence from the Turks.
1815 June 4 In the evening the Baroness von Krudener is admitted to the tent of the Emperor Alexander of Russia.  When she leaves him three hours later, his face is bathed with tears, and he vows that at last his soul has found peace.
1815 June Napoleon marches into Belgium, where the British under Wellington and the Prussians under Blucher have gathered to meet him.
1815 Mr.  Jervons, of Liverpool, builds a small iron boat for use on the Mersey.
1815 March 1 Napoleon lands in France from Elbe and marches back to Paris.  The People and the army rally to his support.
1815 Reverend William Milne (London Missionary Society) arrives in Malacca and starts free Bible classes for local children.  Munshi Abdullah attends.
1815 April-July Mount Tambora on Sumbawa erupts: 12 thousand are dead from the eruption itself, later 50 thousand die from related famine.  The eruption of Tambora changed climate worldwide; in the northern United States, 1815 was called "the year without a summer", and snow fell in July.
1815 June 16 Napoleon defeats Blucher at Ligny.
1815 Two native traders, Pedro Joao Baptista and Antonio Jose, sent by the first Portuguese trader at Cassange, return with letters from the governor of Mozambique.  Their journey has taken them across the African continent.
1815 winter, Jean Christian Oersted, of Denmark, passes an electric current through a wire held parallel with, but not quite touching, a suspended magnetic needle. The needle is instantly deflected and swings out of its position.
1815 June 16 Napoleon defeats the Prussians under Blucher in Belgium.  He orders a subordinate commander to destroy the retreating army.  The subordinate fails.
1815 March 20 Napoleon arrives in Paris from Elba.
1815 June 18 Napoleon meets Wellington at Waterloo, and after a desperate struggle goes down in utter defeat.
1815 Paris physician Rene Theophile Hyacinthe Laennec discovers that heartbeats can be heard surprisingly well through a cylinder of paper held to the ear and against a patient's chest.
1815 The "Richmond" packet plies between London and Richmond on the Thames.  It is fitted with the first marine engine Henry Maudslay ever made.
1815 July 15 Napoleon goes on board the "Bellerophon," and surrenders his sword to British Admiral Hotham.  At Plymouth he is transferred to the "Northumberland" which carries him to St.  Helena Island.  There he spends the last seven years of his life.
1815 Tsar Alexander, who has apparently just become a born-again Moravian Christian, frames the "Holy Alliance" at the Congress of Vienna.  Its goal is to create the Brotherhood of Man upon the basis of Scripture, and this is interpreted as to keep "legitimate" kings in power and the status quo at all costs.  The major European powers sign, but England and the Pope abstain.
1815 March 1 Napoleon, who has been living on Elba Island, suddenly lands near Cannes.  In less than a week, the French army deserts the Bourbons and rushes southward to offer their swords and bayonets to the "little Corporal.
1816 The Dutch take possession of Saba in the West Indies.
1816 Frederick Koenig designs and superintends the construction of a single cylinder registering machine for book-printing.  It prints 1000 sheets on both sides in one hour.
1816 The Dutch recapture Kota Laha.
1816 Captain Smith discovers South Shetland Isles.
1817 Power over The Moluccas is taken back from the British.
1817 December 16 The Dutch hang Thomas Matulesi and his friends in Fort Victoria.  Devout Protestants, they had spent the night praying and singing psalms.  The Dutch exhibit his body in a cage hung over the sea.
1817 Glasgow is lit up by gaslight.
1817 The British return Ternate to the Dutch.
1817 Cholera breaks out in northeastern India.  This is the first cholera outbreak in recorded history.
1817 March5 Thomas Matulesi and his followers take Fort Duurstede on Saparua.  Jean Lubbert, the 6-year-old son of the resident, is the only survivor from the fort.  He is transferred to The Netherlands in 1820, where his family officially goes by the name of "Van den Berg van Saparua" to this day (2006).
1817 may 14 A  large  group  of  discontented  Moluccans come together and choose Thomas Matulesi, a non-commissioned Officer from the British Moluccan corps, as their commander.
1817 - 20. Spix and Martius explore Brazil.
1817 First edition of Stieler's atlas.
1817 - 22. Captain King maps the coast - line of Australia.
1818 Liverpool and Dublin are lit up by gaslight.
1818 The "Savannah," a steamer of 1850 tons and making six knots an hour, crosses the Atlantic from Savannah to Liverpool in the record time of twenty-five days.
1819 Gauss measures a degree of latitude between Gottingen and Altona.
1819 James Watt dies.
1819 Gauss invents the heliotrope, by which the sunlight reflected from a mirror is used in theodolite sighting.
1819 The "Savannah" makes the passage from New York to Liverpool, partly on sail and partly on steam.
1819 The earth passes through the tail of a comet.
1819 - 22. Franklin, Back, and Richardson attempt the North - West Passage by land.
1819 Parry discovers Lancaster Strait and reaches 114 deg. W.
1820 Hans Christian Oersted, a Dane, discovers that a wire conveying a current can move a compass needle to one side or the other according to the direction of the current, and the separate courses of electric and magnetic science are united.
1820 Mehemet Ali finishes the Mahmudiya canal.  This restores water communications between Alexandria and the Nile. Now he has a deep port and naval station for his viceregal domain.
1820 Revolt breaks out in Spain and Naples.
1820 September 18 French savant Andre Marie Ampere announces the fundamental principles of the science of electro-dynamics to the Academy.
1820 The Holy Alliance sends French troops to Spain to act as guardians of the peace.
1820 - 23. Wrangel discovers his land.
1821 December 25 Michael Faraday calls his wife into his laboratory to witness, for the first time in the history of man, the revolution of a magnet around an electric current.  This is evidently the first man-made electric motor.
1821 A secret society of Greek patriots hoists the flag of independence in the Morea (the ancient Peloponnesus) and drives the Turkish garrisons away.  The Turks answer in their usual fashion.  They take the Greek Patriarch of Constantinople, and hang him and a number of his bishops on Easter Sunday.  The Greeks massacre all the Mohammedans in Tripolitsa, the capital of the Morea.  The Turks attack the island of Chios, where they murder 25 thousand Christians and sell 45 thousand others into Asia and Egypt as slaves.  The Greeks appeal to the European courts, but Metternich tells them in so many words that they can "stew in their own grease."
1821 Abundant beds of fossil bones are discovered in the stalagmite-covered floor of a cave at Kirkdale, Yorkshire.  Dr. Buckland, the incumbent of the chair of geology at Oxford, and the most authoritative English geologist of his day, shows that the bones belonged to a number of species, including such alien forms as elephants, rhinoceroses, hippopotami, and hyenas.
1821 March 13 Victor Emanuel of Sardinia abdicates.
1821 Seebecle, of Berlin, discovers that when a circuit is formed of two wires of different metals, if there be a difference in temperature at the juncture of these two metals an electrical current will be established.
1821 A young Greek, Prince Alexander Ypsilanti, begins a revolt against the Turks in Romania.  He tells his followers that they can count upon the support of Russia.  But Metternich's fast couriers are soon on their way to St Petersburg and the Tsar, entirely persuaded by the Austrian arguments in favor of "peace and stability," refuses to help.  Ypsilanti is forced to flee to Austria where he spends the next seven years in prison.
1821 Mr.  Aaron Manby designs an iron steam vessel, which is built at the Horsley Company's Works, in Staffordshire.  She sails from London to Havre a few years later, under the command of Captain (later Sir Charles) Napier, RN.
1821 Bellinghausen discovers Peter Island, the most southerly land then known.
1822 July 22 Gregor Mendel is born.
1822 Denham and Clapperton discover Lake Tchad, and visit Sokoto.
1822 - 23. Scoresby explores the coast of East Greenland.
1823 December 2  President Monroe addresses Congress and states that: "America would consider any attempt on the part of the allied powers (the Holy Alliance) to extend their system to any portion of this western hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety," and gives warning that "the American government would consider such action on the part of the Holy Alliance as a manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States."  Four weeks later, the text of the "Monroe Doctrine" is printed in the English newspapers.  The members of the Holy Alliance back down on the issue of helping Spain's interests in the New World.
1823 Average life span in the US is about 41 years.
1823 Weddell reaches 74.15 deg. S.
1824 The British fleet gathers at Port Cornwallis, in the Andaman Islands, carrying its army to the first Burmese war.
1824 Beechey discovers Mangareva.
1824 Lord Byron,  the rich young English poet, hoists the sails of his yacht and starts south to help the Greeks.  Three months later the news spreads through Europe that their hero lies dead in Missolonghi, the last of the Greek strongholds.
1824 Louis XVIII of France dies.  Charles X replaces him.
1824 George Stephenson, a Scotchman, who has been building locomotives for the purpose of hauling coal from the mine-pit to smelting ovens and cotton factories, builds his famous "travelling engine" which reduces the price of coal by almost seventy percent and which makes it possible to establish the first regular passenger service between Manchester and Liverpool, when people are whisked from city to city at the unheard-of speed of fifteen miles per hour.
1824 Sturgeon makes the first "electro-magnet" by winding a soft iron core with wire through which a current of electricity is passed.
1824 Oersted discovers electromagnetism.
1824 Prout detects the presence of hydrochloric acid in gastric juices.
1824 Rolando cuts chemically hardened pieces of brain tissues into thin sections for microscopical examination.
1824 A colonial law results in the division of Buru into regencies (regentschap).
1825 Nicholas the first succeeds his brother, Alexander.  He firmly believes in the Divine Right of his own family.
1825 The "Enterprise," with engines by Maudslay, makes the voyage from Falmouth to Calcutta in 113 days, partly by sail and partly by steam.
1826 Pedro succeeds to the throne of Portugal, but abdicates at once in favor of his daughter.
1826 July 4 Thomas Jefferson and John Adams die.
1826 Major Laing is murdered at Timbuctoo.
1827 October 20 The ships of England, Russia, and France attack the Turkish fleet in the bay of Navarino and destroy it.  This is done in support of the Greek patriotic cause.
1827 Chicago is incorporated.
1827 Henry Parmalay invents the automatic sprinkler system.  It uses a soldered valve that melts at 155 degrees.
1827 Ludwig von Beethoven dies.
1827 M. Niepce presents his first paper on photography to the Royal Society.  He calls his discovery Heliography.  He works with M. Daguerre, who is a celebrated dioramic painter.  Their investigations result in the discovery of the Daguerreotype, or Photogenic drawing on plates of copper coated with silver.
1827 March 31 Isaac Newton dies.
1827 Parry reaches 82.45 deg. N.
1827 Rene Caillie visits Timbuctoo.
1828 The "Curacoa" makes the voyage between Holland and the Dutch West Indies, partly by sail and partly by steam.
1828 The young German chemist, Friedrich Wohler, formerly pupil of Berzelius, and already known as a coming master, synthesizes urea in his laboratory at Sacrow.
1828 French physician Piorry perfects the method called mediate percussion, in which the chest is not tapped directly, but the finger or a small metal or hard-rubber plate held against the chest.
1828 Russia gains the principal mouth of the Danube.
1828 Charles Wheatstone improves the German MUND HARMONICA.
1828 - 31. Captain Sturt traces the Darling and the Murray.
1829 Greece becomes an independent nation.
1829 June 19 Charles Wheatstone patents the concertina.
1829 Russia crosses the Balkans and takes Adrianople.
1829 - 33. Ross attempts the North - West Passage; discovers Boothia Felix.
1830 Charles X enacts ordinances dissolving the Chamber, suppressing the liberty of the Press, and preparing for the restoration of the ancien regime.
1830 Cholera claims many victims in Ternate.
1830 July 27 A revolution takes place at night in Paris.  On the 30th, Charles X flees to the coast and sets sail for England.  In this way the "famous farce of fifteen years" comes to an end and the Bourbons are at last removed from the throne of France.
1830 Emperor Nicholas decrees the erection of a telegraph line from Cronstadt to St. Petersburg, with a cable in the Gulf of Finland.
1830 Serbia becomes an autonomous principality.
1830 Sir Charles Lyell publishes his "Principles of Geology" which denies the story of creation as related in the Bible.
1830 April With the help of a Russian army, the Greeks finally gain freedom from the Turks.
1830 The Liverpool - Manchester locomotive railway line is opened.
1830 August 2 Charles X of France abdicates.
1830 August 25 There is a popular outbreak against the Dutch authorities in Brussels.  Two months later, the Belgians declare themselves independent and elect Leopold of Coburg, the uncle of Queen Victoria of England, to the throne.
1830 Royal Geographical Society founded, and next year united with the African Association.
1831 Nat Turner leads a slave revolt in Virginia.
1831 Sir Michael Faraday demonstrates electromagnetic induction.
1831 Us frigate "Potomac" sails to the coast of Sumatera to avenge an attack on the merchant vessel, "Friendship," of Salem.
1831 April 7 Pedro of Brazil abdicates.
1831 The McCormick reaper makes its appearance.
1831 Charles Darwin sets sail in the Beagle.
1831 - 35. Schomburgk explores Guiana.
1831 Captain Biscoe discovers Enderby Land.
1832 Biela's comet passes quite near the earth.
1832 English physician Marshall Hall makes his classical observations on reflex action.  The limbs of a decapitated newt contract in direct response to certain stimuli.
1832 Joseph Henry devises a telegraph and signalls through a mile of wire by causing the armature of his electro-magnet to strike a bell.  This is virtually the first electro- magnetic acoustic telegraph.
1832 March The first illustrated publication in the world, called the 'Penny Magazine', appears in England.
1832 Maudslay and Field build four iron vessels for the East India Company.
1832 Emperor Minh Mạng annexes Panduranga and Cham rule is officially ended.
1833 Remak discovers that brain tissue is cellular.
1833 The Moluccans completely abandon the cultivation of spices.
1833 English microscopist Robert Brown is the first to describe cell nucleii.
1833 James Paget, interne in St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, finds little specks of extraneous matter while dissecting the muscular tissues of a human subject.  He takes these to Richard Owen, professor of comparative anatomy.  With the aid of a microscope, Owen ascertains these to be the cocoon of a minute and hitherto unknown "insect," which he names Trichina spiralis.
1833 January 17 Frederick Koenig dies.
1833 November A great meteoric shower occurs.
1833 Back discovers Great Fish River.
1834 Gauss and Weber demonstrate their mirror telegraph receiver, a precursor of William Thomas' device.
1834 Giuseppe Garibaldi is banished from Italy as a revolutionist.  He spends most of the next 14 years fighting in various South American battles.
1834 James Sime demonstrates his surgical skill by amputating a leg at the hip in 90 seconds.
1834 January 23 A fierce fire, fanned by a strong northwesterly wind after a prolonged drought destroys a part of the Chinese camp and many houses belonging to Christian natives in Ternate.
1834 May 26 Miguel of Portugal abdicates.
1834 Charles Wheatstone is appointed to the Chair of Experimental Physics in King's College, London.
1835 Charles Darwin visits the Galapagos.
1835 English general Sir Henry Rawlinson makes a paper cast of about half the inscription at behistun, in western Persia.
1835 Hugo Von Mohl calls attention to the formation of new vegetable cells by cellular division.
1835 The great Kafir war.
1835 at the Dublin meeting of the British Association, Charles Wheatstone shows that when metals are volatilised in an electric spark, their light, examined through a prism, reveals certain rays which are characteristic of them.
1835 - 49. Junghuhn explores Java.
1836 Steinheil of Munich devises a telegraph machine that writes dots and dashes on a moving paper tape.  Messages are transmitted at six words per minute.
1836 The reconstructed arch of the AlcVntara bridge is again destroyed, this time to prevent passage of Carlist forces.
1836 John Frederick Daniell produces the electric cell that bears his name.
1836 With a few followers, Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte makes an attempt to capture Strasbourg in hopes of dethroning Louis Philippe and installing himself in his place.  He is a son of Louis Bonaparte, once king of Holland, and Hortense de Beauharnais.
1836? Samuel Morse devises an electromagnetic relay.
1836 Mr.  Dean, the engineer, succeeds in raising the Royal George and the Mary Rose, and clears the roadstead at Portsmouth of the remains of these sunken ships.
1836 November 1 Francis Pettit Smith exhibits a small steam vessel of 10 tons burthen and six horse-power to the public on the Paddington Canal, as well as on the Thames.  This boat is fitted with a wooden screw of two whole turns.  She continues to ply the Thames until the month of September 1837.
1836 Purkinje and Pappenheim discover that the pancreas has a share in digestion.
1837 October 3 Samuel Morse obtains   The American patent on his telegraph system.
1837 May Fothergill Cooke and Charles Wheatstone agree to join forces, Wheatstone contributing the scientific, and Cooke the administrative talent.
1837 November 19 Fothergill Cooke and Charles Wheatstone sign a deed of partnership.
1837 September 23 An agreement is signed between Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail by which the latter is to construct, at his own expense, a model telegraph system for exhibition to a Committee of Congress, and to secure the necessary patents for the United States.
1837 September Francis Pettit Smith demonstrates his screw steamboat in heavy weather on the open sea, where it attains a speed of over 7mph.
1837?  Davy discovers the electromagnetic relay.
1837? Morse shows his first successful "telegraph" in one of the lecture halls of New York University.
1837 A ship under British colours is wrecked near Aden, and the crew and passengers are grievously maltreated by the Arabs.
1837 Charles Wheatstone calls attention to thermoelectricity.
1837 February The American House of Representatives passes a resolution asking the Secretary of the Treasury to report on the propriety of establishing a system of telegraphs for the United States.
1837 January Fothergill Cooke exhibits a telegraph with three needles in London.
1837 July 1 Charles Darwin opens a private journal in which he proposes to record all facts that come to him which seem to have any bearing on the doctrine of the transmutation of species.
1837 T. Simpson coasts along the north mainland of North America 1277 miles.
1838 Dr.  Lardner delivers a lecture before the Royal Institution "proving" that steamers could never cross the Atlantic because they could not carry sufficient coal to raise steam enough during the voyage.
1838 October 18 Francis Pettit Smith launches the Archimedes, a wooden vessel of 237 tons burden.  She is fitted with a screw of one turn placed in the dead wood, and propelled by a pair of 80-horsepower engines.
1838? Purkinje, Henle, and Dutrochet describe liver cells.
1838 Four days after the departure of the Sirius, the Great Western left Bristol for New York, and made the passage in thirteen days five hours.
1838 Queen Victoria is crowned.
1838 Steinheil tries to employ the rails of the Nurenberg to Furth railway as the conducting line for a telegraph, but finds they will not serve.  This failure leads him to employ the earth as the return half of the circuit.
1838 The Sirius, of London, left Cork for New York, and made the passage in nineteen days.
1838 January 6 Alfred Vail tells his apprentice to go up to the house and invite his father to come down to see the telegraph at work.
1838-1842 First Anglo-Afghan war.  British invade to thwart Russian influence.  Retreating British force massacred.
1838 M. Daguerre announces his discovery in Paris.  Samuel Morse is there to demonstrate his telegraph.  They meet, and Daguerre happens to be with Morse when his photographic laboratory is burned.  Morse later becomes the first to use the Daguerre method to make portraits.
1838 Amapala is founded in Honduras.
1838 Bessel announces from the Konigsberg observatory that he has succeeded, after months of effort, in detecting and measuring the parallax of a star.
1838 - 40. Wood explores the sources of the Oxus.
1838 - 40. Dumont d'Urvilie discovers Louis - Philippe Land and Adelie Land.
1839 Nasse discovers that a severed nerve cord degenerates in its peripheral portions.
1839 Army officer Doubleday designs the first baseball field and oversees the first baseball game ever played at Cooperstown, N.Y.
1839 Dr Helfer, a German savant employed by the Indian government, lands in the Andaman Islands.  The natives attack and kill him.
1839 November 15 William Murdock dies.
1839 November 17 American John Lloyd Stevens and an English companion stumble upon Copan.
1839 Edgar Allen Poe writes "The Fall of the House of Usher."
1839 early), Dr. Theodor Schwann, professor of physiology in the University of Louvain, claims that the cell is the basic building block of both animal and vegetable life.
1839 Sir William Grove discovers the fuel cell.
1839 German researcher J. L. Schoenlein discovers that a disease of the scalp known as favus is really due to the presence and growth on the scalp of a "vegetable organism of microscopic size."
1839 A traveller measures a large tree in the intendancy of Oaxaca.  It is found to be a hundred and twelve feet in circumference at the height of four feet from the ground.
1839 The first opium war breaks out between Britian and China.
1839 Hamtab, the strong castle of Aintab, supplies the last base from which Ibrahim Pasha marches to win his decisive victory over the Turksat Nezib, about 25 m. distant north-east.
1839 January 16 The British capture and annex Aden to their India government.
1839 July The Great Western Railway erects a telegraph line from the Paddington terminus to West Drayton station, a distance of thirteen miles.
1839 May The screw steamer, "Archimedes," is tested.  Her speed is 9.5 knots.
1839 Balleny discovers his island.
1839 Count Strzelecki discovers Gipps' Land.
1840 Charles Wheatstone demonstrates his magneto-electrical machine for generating continuous currents.
1840 Turkey makes Mehemet Ali viceroy of Egypt.
1840 David Livingstone sails to Africa.
1840 February 2 Tremors are felt on Ternate.  These recur on the 3rd and become shocks on the 13th. On the 14th, at 10:00am, the most severe shaking occurs, after which not a single house in the capital is habitable.  Ternate's volcano erupts violently.
1840 Charles Wheatstone demonstrates his chronoscope, for measuring minute intervals of time, which was used in determining the speed of a bullet or the passage of a star.
1840 Charles Wheatstone is awarded the Royal Medal of the Royal Society for his explanation of binocular vision, a research which leads him to construct the stereoscope.
1840 As a result of imperial intervention in the British drug trade, China is defeated in the "opium war.  China is forced to accept a much greater degree of intercourse with the outside world.  Five ports are made free to world commerce.  Hong Kong is ceded to Great Britain.
1840 George Pocock of Bristol invents his "charvolant," or "kite carriage," which is powered by a large kite.
1840 Konigsberg astronomer Bessel predicts the discovery of Neptune.
1840 November 26 Charles Wheatstone exhibits his electromagnetic clock in the library of the Royal Society, and propounds a plan for distributing the correct time from a standard clock to a number of local timepieces.
1840 Britain acquires New Zeeland.
1840 October 7 William I of Holland abdicates.
1840 The "Archimedes" tours England.
1840 The merchant ship, "Princess Royal," at Newcastle is fitted with a screw.
1840 Stilling speaks of "vaso-motor" nerves.  Annular bands of muscle fibers are known to exist in the arterioles.
1840 Britain outlaws slave trading.
1840 Captain Sturt travels in Central Australia.
1840 - 42. James Ross reaches 78.10 deg. S.; discovers Victoria Land, and the volcanoes Erebus and Terror.
1841 Werner Siemens receives a Prussian patent for electro gilding.
1841 August 2 Anatomist Sir Richard Owen coins the word, "dynosaur." 1844 May 24 The first long-distance telegraph message is sent from Washington to Baltimore.
1841 Charles Wheatstone patents the type printing telegraph.  This is the first apparatus to print telegrams in type.
1841 The British Euphrates expedition attempts to connect Aleppo with the sea by steamer through Meskin], the nearest point on the Euphrates.  It fails because of the obstructed state of the stream and the insecurity of the riparian districts.
1841 The merchant ships, "Margaret," and "Senator," at Hull, and the merchant ship, "Great Northern," at Londonderry are fitted with screws.
1841 Eyre traverses south of Western Australia.
1842 Liebig becomes convinced that it is not in animal lungs but in the ultimate tissues to which they are tributary that the true consumption of fuel takes place.
1842 October 18 During bright moonlight, Samuel Morse submerges an insulated wire between Castle Garden and Governor's Island in New York Harbour, and succeeds in transmitting a signal across it.  This appears to be the first experiment in signalling on a submerged cable.
1842 The opium wars are ended by the Treaty of Nanking.  Hongkong is ceded to Great Britain.
1842 The remains of Napoleon Bonaparte are brought in pomp to Paris, there to find a final resting place in the Hotel des Invalides.
1842 - 62. E. F. Jomard's _Monuments de la Geographie_ published.
1843 May 23 Annie Ellsworth sends her message, "What hath God wrought?" from Washington to Boston by telegraph.  Samuel Morse is the operator at Washington, and Alfred Vail in Boston.
1843 The Maoris fight the whites in New Zeeland until 1869.  Most Maoris die.
1843 Marey Monge starts work on a flying ship to be suspended from vacuum globes.  These collapse when he tries to remove their air.
1843 - 47. Count Castelnau traces the source of the Paraguay.
1844 American dentist Horace Wells, of Hartford, Connecticut, renders a tooth extraction painless using nitrous oxide gas.
1844 Payen demonstrates that the cell walls of all vegetables, high or low, are composed largely of cellulose.
1844 Lord Rosse's great six-foot reflector--the largest telescope ever yet constructed--is turned upon the nebulae.  What once appeared to be fluid now resolves itself to stars.
1844 The Germans invent the mechanical wood paper making process.
1844 The British troop ships, Briton and Runnymede, are driven ashore in the Andaman Islands not far from each other.  The natives kill all stragglers.
1844? Mr. Staite invents an incandescent lamp in which the current passes through a slender stick of carbon enclosed in a vacuum bulb of glass.
1844 Autumn, Charles Wheatstone sends a signal under the Bay of Swansea through an insulated wire from a boat to the Mumbles Lighthouse.
1844 Ericsson constructs the Princeton screw steamer for the United States Government, and is never paid for his time, labour, and expenditure.
1844 June 27 A mob attacks the jail in      Carthage, Illinois, shooting and killing Mormon prisoners Joseph and Hyrum Smith.
1844 Leichhardt explores Southern Australia.
1845 April 1 The Baltimore to Washington telegraph line is formally opened for public business.
1845 Charles Wheatstone introduces the single-needle and double-needle telegraph systems.  The single-needle system, requiring only one wire, eventually beat out the competition.
1845 October Werner Siemens builds a machine for the measurement of small intervals of time and the speed of electricity.  It works by electric sparks.
1845 September 2 The Electric Telegraph Company is registered.  Wheatstone gets #33 thousand.
1845 The Great Britain, propelled by the screw, leaves Liverpool for New York, and makes the voyage in fourteen days.
1845 Werner Siemens patents a dial and printing telegraph in Germany.
1845 Huc explores Tibet.
1845 Petermann's _Mittheilungen_ first published.
1845 - 47. Franklin's last voyage.
1846 one of George Pocock's kite carriages conveys sixteen people from Bristol to London.
1846 Bain patents   The plan of sending messages by a running strip of paper which actuates the key.
1846 Hugo von Mohl, professor of botany in the University of Tubingen, recognizes and names cell protoplasm.
1846 Newspapers tell of a painless operation which has been performed using ether in America.
1846 October 16 The world's first public operation under ether anesthesia is performed in the "Ether Dome" of Massachussets General Hospital.
1846 September 23 Dr. Galle discovers Neptune as predicted.
1846 Werner Siemens is made a member of a commission organised in Berlin to introduce electric telegraphs in place of the optical ones hitherto employed in Prussia, and he succeeds in getting the commission to adopt underground telegraph lines.
1846 John William Draper discovers that the spectrum of an ignited solid is continuous--that is, has neither dark nor bright lines.
1846 October 16 American dentist W. T. G. Morton, of Boston, anesthetizes a patient for surgery using sulphuric ether at Boston Hospital.  The patient sleeps quietly while the surgeon's knife is plied.
1846 First edition of K. v. Spruner's _Historische Handatlas_.
1847 March 1 Alexander Graham Bell is born at Edinburgh.
1847 Stringfellow and Henson test their steam airplane on Bala Down, about two miles from Chard.
1847 The United States gets its first postage stamp.
1847 Werner Siemens and Mr. Halske found a telegraph factory.
1847 Werner Siemens constructs a machine for covering copper wire with melted gutta percha gum by means of pressure.  Variations of this machine later come into general use in cable factories.
1847 American anatomist Dr. Joseph Leidy finds trichina cysts in pork tissues.
1847 Liberia gains independence.
1847 J. Rae connects Hudson's Bay with east coast of Boothia.
1848 Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte is elected president of France.
1848 Stringfellow succeeds in making a steam-powered model airplane fly.
1848 The first grain elevator is built in Chicago.
1848 autumn, Werner Siemens lays a subterranean cable between Berlin and Frankfort-on-the-Main.
1848 Charles Wheatstone exhibits his Polar clock at the meeting of the British Association.
1848 Hungary declares itself independent, and commences a war against the Habsburgs under the leadership of Louis Kossuth.
1848 December 2 Ferdinand of Austria abdicates.
1848 February 24 A crowd storms the Tuilleries and drives Louis-Philippe away and proclaims the French Republic.
1848 February 24 Louis Philippe, king of the French abdicates.
1848 In the Papal states the prime minister, Rossi, is murdered and the Pope is forced to flee.  He returns the next year at the head of a French army which remains in Rome to protect His Holiness against his subjects until the year 1870.
1848 January Carl Marx publishes his "Communist Manifesto."
1848 March 21 Louis Charles of Bavaria abdicates.
1848 An electoral-reform campaign in Paris leads to a riot which unexpectedly overthrows King Louis-Philippe.  A provisional Government is installed in the Hotel de Ville to replace the fallen monarchy.
1848 Sir Henry Rawlinson returns to behistun, and finishes making his paper cast of the inscription.
1848 Leichhardt attempts to traverse Australia, and disappears.
1849 A chain bridge links Buda and Pest in Hungary.
1849 August 1 Livingstone & Co. discover Lake Ngami.
1849 Cholera arrives in Chicago aboard a canal boat.
1849 June 1 David Livingstone, Oswell, and Murray and a band of Africans set out across the Kalahari.  There are about 20 persons in the group, 20 horses, and 80 oxen.  Their guide is Ramotobi.
1849 March 23 Charles Albert of Sardinia abdicates.
1849 March A German parliament, consisting of 550 delegates from all parts of the country comes together in Frankfort and proposes that king Frederick William of Prussia should be the Emperor of a United Germany.
1849 Mr. C. V. Walker, electrician to the South Eastern Railway Company, submerges a wire coated with gutta percha along the coast off Dover.
1849 - 56. Livingstone traces the Zambesi and crosses South Africa.
1850 The Portuguese mount an expedition to punish the Bangala in Africa.
1850 The Society of Arts awards Siemens a gold medal for his regenerative condenser.
1850 William C. Bond at the Harvard observatory in America and the Rev. W. R. Dawes in England independently discover the inner or crape ring of Saturn.
1850 Charles Wheatstone introduces the pseudoscope.  It is in some sort the reverse of  the stereoscope, since it causes a solid object to seem hollow, and a nearer one to be farther off; thus, a bust appears to be a mask, and a tree growing outside of a window looks as if it were growing inside the room.
1850 Giuseppe Garibaldi takes up residence in New York.
1850 August 28 10:00 AM, Mr. John Watkins Brett lays the first telegraph line across the Channel.  It is simply a copper wire coated with gutta percha, without any other protection.
1850 - 54. M'Clure succeeds in the North - West Passage.
1850 - 55. Barth explores the Soudan.
1851? French researcher Claude Bernard proves conclusively that at least one chief function of the sympathetic fibrils is to cause contraction of the walls of the arterioles of the system, thus regulating the blood-supply of any given part.
1851 August 12 Isaac Singer patents a practical sewing machine.
1851 Charles Wheatstone's portable harmonium gets a prize medal at the Great Exhibition.
1851 Gold is discovered in Australia.
1851 Herman Melville publishes his "Moby Dick."
1851 J.  G.  Lough exhibits his sculpture called "The Mourners" at the Great Exhibition in the Crystal Palace.
1851 J. G. Lough exhibits his sculpture called "The Mourners" at the Great Exhibition in the Crystal Palace.
1851 November 13 A protected core or true cable is laid across the English Channel.
1851 end of June,  Oswell and Livingstone discover the Zambesi.
1852 Lord Kelvin publishes the fact of useful energy being continually lost as heat.
1852 December 1 Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte passes from president to emperor of France by the vote of the people.
1852 Mr. Pretorius    sends 400 Boers to attack the Bakwains of Dr. Livingstone.  They kill a considerable number of adults, carry off two hundred school children into slavery, and plunder Dr. Livingstone's home.
1852 The concept of valency is introduced into chemistry.
1852 The fire box is invented in Boston.
1852 Great Britain and Ireland are linked by underwater cable.
1852 Werner Siemens furnishes the Warsaw-Petersburg line with high-speed automatic printers.
1852 Cincinnati unveils the first steam-powered fire pump.
1853 Siemens receives the Telford prize.
1853 Siemens receives the Telford prize.
1853 US Commodore Matthew Perry parks his warships off the bay of Iedo.
1853 may England is joined to Holland by cable across the North Sea from Orfordness to the Hague.
1853 Latimer Clark finds that the retardation of current on insulated wires is independent of the strength of the current.
1853 New Jersey's Lewelyn Park suberb is opened.
1853 Dr. Kane explores Smith's Sound.
1854 Siemens becomes a Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers.
1854 Siemens becomes a Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers.
1854 The Crimean war breaks out between Russia and England, France and Italy, and Turkey.  France and England side with Turkey against Russia.
1854 Werner Siemens' telegraph company discovers a method for simultaneous transmission of messages in opposite directions and for multiplex transmission of messages.
1854 Commodore Perry appears with an American fleet in the bay of Yeddo.  He is determined not to be rebuffed, and makes a show of force inducing the Japanese authorities to make a treaty of commercial intercourse with the United States.
1854 Henry David Thoreau publishes his "Walden."
1854 Rae hears news of the Franklin expedition from the Eskimo.
1854 - 65. Faidherbe explores Senegambia.
1855 June 14 A severe earthquake hits Ternate.  Heavy tremors with subterranean noise.  All Government buildings are damaged.
1855 Le Bris flies his artificial albatross glider.
1855 early May The French army reaches Italy, partly by way of the St. Bernard Pass, partly by sea.  Garibaldi, with his mountaineers, takes up a position that will enable him to attack the right wing of the Austrians.
1855 By means of the telegraph, the death of Emperor Nicholas at St. Petersburg is announced in the House of Lords at London a few hours later.
1855 A project is formed for a convict settlement in the Andaman Islands.  This plan is interrupted by the Indian mutiny.
1855 July 14 A second shock more severe than the first hits Ternate, resulting in several houses collapsing and the death of a few people.
1856 Latimer Clark patents his double cup electrical insulator.
1856 Perkin, an English chemist, discovers the coal-tar (anilin) dyes.
1856 The Chinese authorities forcibly board a British vessel in the Canton River.  A new war breaks out.  The French join the British, and the allies gained fresh concessions from China.
1856 Count Du Moncel discovers that when powdered carbon is subjected to pressure, its electrical resistance alters.  He makes a number of experiments on this phenomenon.
1856 December the great battle of the Tugela is fought at Endondakusuka between the Usutu party, commanded by Cetewayo, and the adherents of Umbelazi the Handsome, his brother.
1856 The Dutch establish the first "European school" for Ambonese burgers, in which Dutch is the language of instruction.
1856 Hiram Sibley incorporates Western Union.
1856 - 57. The brothers Schlagintweit cross the Himalayas, Tibet, and Kuen Lun.
1856 - 59. Du Chaillu travels in Central Africa.
1857 The British permanently occupy Perim Island, in the mouth of the straight near Aden.
1857 August 5 Ships begin laying the first transatlantic cable off Ireland.  The cable breaks, and the attempt fails.
1857 This is the last year that private vehicles are allowed to use the railroad tracks.
1857? Thompson invents the mirror galvanometer.
1857 November Lord Canning sends a commission headed by Dr.  F.  Mouat, to the Andaman Islands to examine and report.
1857 September 11, Friday, the Mountain Meadows Massacre occurs.
1857 The first stage coach crosses the plains to California.
1857 There is mutiny in India (the "Indian Mutiny").
1857 The "Central America" sinks in a hurricane off the Carolinas.  420 people are lost along with several tons of gold, and new coins from the San Francisco mint.
1857 - 59. M'Clintock discovers remains of the Franklin expedition, and explores King William Land.
1858 August 5 America and Europe are connected by telegraph cable for the first time.  This cable breaks in about a month.
1858 Claude Bernard discovers that there are certain nerves supplying the heart which, if stimulated, cause that organ to relax and cease beating.
1858 In the beginning of this year, the British establish a settlement at Port Blair, in the Andaman Islands.
1858 July 1 (evening) Hooker and Lyell present Wallace's paper and an abstract of Darwin's ideas from a letter to Asa Gray to the Linnaean Society of London.
1858 The Portuguese pass a law promising freedom to all slaves in twenty years.
1858 Felice Orsini, a fanatical Italian patriot, incensed at Napoleon from his failing to come to the aid of Italy, launched three explosive bombs against his carriage. The effect was fatal to many of the people in the street, though the intended victim escaped.
1858 Burton and Speke discover Lake Tanganyika, and Speke sees Lake Victoria Nyanza.
1858 - 64. Livingstone traces Lake Nyassa.
1859 May 20 A sharp engagement takes place between the French and Austrians at Montebello.  Austrian Count Stadion and his army are forced to retreat.
1859 William Siemens becomes a naturalised Englishman, and from this time forward takes an active part in the progress of English engineering and telegraphy.
1859 Gaston Planche constructs a storage battery of sheets of lead immersed in sulphuric acid.  After charging these for several hours from the cells of an ordinary Bunsen battery, he gets currents of great strength and considerable duration.
1859 May 7 Slavery is abolished in the Dutch Indies.
1859 June 5 The French defeat the Austrians at Magenta.
1859 June 8 Napoleon and Victor Emmanuel ride into Milan side by side amid the loud acclamations of the people, who perceive this victory as an assurance of Italian freedom and unity.
1859 Kirchhoff and Bunsen perfect the spectroscope along lines pointed out by Fraunhofer almost half a century ago.
1859 November Charles Darwin publishes his "Origin of Species."
1859 The British and French renew their war against China.
1859 German physicist Julius Plucker notices that when there is an electric discharge through an exhausted tube at a low pressure, a greenish phosphorescence appears on the walls of the tube near the negative pole, or cathode.
1859 July 21 Leopold II of Tuscany abdicates.
1859 June 24 The French defeat the Austrians in a bloody battle at Solferino.  The Austrians remain in possession of a square of powerful fortresses called the Quadrilateral.
1859 Werner Siemens discovers that dielectrics can be heated by induction (insulators can be heated by exposure to rapidly varying electromagnetic fields).
1859 Valikhanoft reaches Kashgar.
1860 May 27 Garibaldi attacks Palermo.  The citizens help him.  King Francis II dispatches General Lanza with strong reinforcements.  He furiously bombards the insurgent city, so that Palermo is almost reduced to a heap of ruins.  A British admiral intervenes, and Palermo is left in the hands of Garibaldi.
1860 Rudolf Virchow demonstrates that all cells come into being by cell division.
1860 the rabbit is unleashed on Australia by a wealthy landowner near Melbourne.
1860 Siemens notices increases in electrical resistance corresponding to increases in temperature.
1860 The whole AlcVntara bridge is restored.
1860 November 6 The Republicans elect Abraham Lincoln to the US presidency.
1860 July 14 The governor general of the Dutch East Indies enacts an ordinance giving January 1, 1860 as the last date for abolition of slavery in the possessions outside Java and Madura.  Slavery of serfs who have never been registered continues in the sultanates continues until mid-1879.
1860? Heinrich de Bary and Max Schultze demonstrate that the cells of animals and plants are to all intents and purposes identical.
1860 May 6 Garibaldi starts for Sicily with two steamers from Genoa with about a thousand Italian volunteers.
1860 May 11 Garibaldi lands near Marsala, on the west coast of Sicily.
1860 April 3 The first pony express leaves Sacramento and St. Joseph, Missouri.
1860 Peking is occupied by British and French forces.  The emperor's summer palace is destroyed.
1860 Burke travels from Victoria to Carpentaria.
1860 Grant and Speke, returning from Lake Victoria Nyanza, meet Baker coming up the Nile.
1861 July 4 Hiram Sibley starts work on a transcontinental telegraph line through Omaha, Fort Laramie, and Salt Lake City to San Francisco.
1861 Louis Pasteur puts forth his germ theory of fermentation.
1861 May Lewiston, Idaho, is settled.
1861 Moldavia and Wallachia are united as the principality of Roumania.
1861 October 24 The trans-continnental telegraph system is completed.  It supplants the pony express.
1861 Dr.  Paul Broca performs an autopsy on a patient who has not spoken for 20 years.  A certain convolution of the left frontal lobe of his cerebrum had been totally destroyed by disease, the remainder of his brain being intact.
1861 February 18 Victor Emmanuel assembles the deputies of all the states that acknowledge his supremacy at Turin, and in their presence assumes the title of King of Italy, which he is the first to bear.
1861 Siemens devises a thermometer based on rise in electrical resistance with temperature, and exhibits it before the British Association at Manchester.  This knowledge is later used to build pyrometers to measure the temperatures of furnace fires.
1861 The American Civil War breaks out.
1861 T. S. Mort, of Sydney, Australia, builds the first "machine-chilled cold storage unit."  This relegates spices to the role of flavoring agents instead of preservatives.
1861 The earth again passes through the tail of a comet.
1861 Werner Siemens shows that the electrical resistance of molten alloys is equal to the sum of the resistances of the separate metals, and that latent heat increases the specific resistance of metals in a greater degree than free heat.
1861 - 62. M'Douall Stuart traverses Australia from south to north.
1862 Siemens is elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.
1862 The US congress passes the Homestead Act promising ownership of a 160-acre tract of public land to a head of a family after he has cleared and improved it and lived on it for 5 years.
1862 August 24 Garibaldi lands at Melito, and throws himself and his followers at once into the Calabrian mountains in preparation for an attack against Rome.
1862 August 28 Garibaldi is wounded and captured with his followers at Aspromonte.  He had refused to return fire against the regular Italian troops.
1862 Congress half-grudgingly allows blacks to enlist in the American armed forces.
1862 Disheartened at the inaction of the king, Garibaldi determines to undertake against Rome an expedition like that which he led against Naples two years before.
1862 Louis Pasteur proves that what has seemed to be spontaneous generation is in reality due to the existence of germs in the air.
1862 Siemens is elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.
1863 The Dutch abolish slavery.  Tsar Alexander frees his serfs.
1863 spring) The Confederate submarine, Hunley, is built in Mobile, Alabama, then sent by train to Charlston.
1863 A French army tries to force an Austrian Grand-Duke by the name of Maximilian upon the Mexican people as their Emperor.  As soon as the American Civil War has been won by the North, the US forces the French to withdraw their troops and this gives the Mexicans a chance to clear their country of the enemy and shoot the unwelcome Emperor.
1863 French physician Devaine demonstrates that microorganisms are responsible for anthrax infection.
1863 Early in the year, President Lincoln issues his "Emancipation Proclamation" which sets all slaves free in the US.
1863 January 1 The US emancipates all slaves by the Emancipation Proclamation.
1863 W. G. Palgrave explores Central and Eastern Arabia.
1864 the clove monopoly is abolished.
1864 Carl Marx organises the first international association of working men.
1864 Dr. Huggins applies the astronomical spectroscope to a nebula, and detects gasses.
1864 February 1 The combined forces of Prussia and Austria cross the Eider and invade the province of Schleswig, which is under Denmark.  The man behind this move is Bismarck.
1864 Jules Verne publishes "Journey to the Center of the Earth."
1864 Mr.  Huggins proves that a nebula in the constellation Draco is gaseous by means of spectroscopy (it had a discontinuous spectrum).
1864 February 17 Leaving a dock on Sullivan's Island in the early evening, the Confederate submarine, Hunley, destroys the USS Husitanic.  It is the first time in history that a submarine succeeds in sinking an enemy warship.
1864 Baker discovers Lake Albert Nyanza.
1865 Johann Gregor Mendel presents his "Principles of Heredity."
1865 Kuhne isolates haemoglobin in crystalline form.  Red blood corpuscles are composed chiefly of this substance.  It has a marvellous affinity for oxygen, seizing on it eagerly at the lungs but giving it up with equal readiness when coursing among the remote cells of the body.
1865 Meliner invents the soda wood paper making process.
1865 Summer, A fleet of about thirty vessels carrying telegraph and other stores begins to lay a telegraph line to Alaska and Siberia.  This project is abandoned next year, when a transatlantic telegraph line is laid.
1865 The Atlantic Telegraph Company lays the first transatlantic cable.
1865? M. Clerac, in France, and probably also in Germany, uses powdered carbon and plumbago in making small adjustable rheostats.
1865 April Lee surrenders the last of his brave armies at Appomattox, ending the American Civil War.
1866 War between Prussia and Austria.
1866 December in spite of the efforts of the pope, the last French troops depart from Rome.  This is probably the first time Italy has been free of the presence of foreign soldiers in a thousand years.
1866 November The great meteor shower.
1866 The Aeronautical Society of Great Britain is founded.
1866 The Atlantic Telegraph Company lays the second transatlantic cable.
1867 Austria and Hungary become divided into separate nations as a result of vigorous Hungarian demand and the defeat of Austria by Prussia.
1867 The French withdraw from Mexico. Maximilian chooses to stay on.  The Mexicans capture and execute him as a userper.
1867 Carl Marx publishes the first volume of his well-known treatise called "Capital."
1867 Garibaldi makes a second failed attempt to capture Rome.
1867 March 16 Joseph Lister publishes the first of a series of articles outlining his discovery of anticeptic surgery in the Lancet.
1867 Michael Faraday dies a poor man.
1867 Siemens receives a GRAND PRIX at the Paris Exhibition for his regenerative furnace.
1867 Siemens receives a GRAND PRIX at the Paris Exhibition for his regenerative furnace.
1867 Alexander Graham Bell uses electric current for his telephone.
1867 The British construct a 7-mile aqueduct to provide water to Aden.
1867 The British invade Abyssinia.
1868 Charles Spencer, the first man to practice gliding in England, shows his glider at the Aeronautical Exhibition.
1868 Charles Wheatstone is knighted.
1868 Colonel Henry Man arrives at Port Blair, in the Andaman Islands.  He reclaims swampland and clears jungle on an extensive scale, and the health of the settlement is dramatically improved.  He stays until 1870.
1868 John Walter, of the London "Times," gets his continuous roll printing press running.  This press is able to print newspapers on long, continuous rolls of paper instead of on sheets.
1868 Port Amapala is opened and declared free.
1868 Stringfellow exhibits his aeronautical steam engine and a model triplane at the first Aeronautical Exhibition held at the Crystal Palace.
1868 The Moabite stone is discovered.  It is the earliest alphabetic document which can be dated with comparative certainty.  After a controversy between rival claimants which led to its being broken in pieces by the Arabs, it ultimately reached the Louvre, where in a restored form it remains.
1868 The Suez Canal is opened.
1868 Nordenskiold reaches his highest point in Greenland, 81.42 deg..
1868 - 71. Ney Elias traverses Mid - China.
1868 - 74. John Forrest penetrates from Western to Central Australia.
1869 Wallace publishes "Malay Archipelago."
1869 Alfred Russel Wallace publishes "Malay Archipelago."
1869 Chicago inventor Ives W.  McGaffy builds a hand-cranked sweeping machine that uses a fan to create suction.
1869 John Wesley Powell runs the Grand Canyon in three months.  Three men die.
1869 The British occupy the Nicobar Islands.
1869 The Dutch-language school established in 1856 becomes officially known as the Ambonese Burgerschool.
1869 The University of Oxford conferrs the high distinction of D.C.L.  (Doctor of Civil Law) upon Siemens.
1869 The University of Oxford conferrs the high distinction of D.C.L. (Doctor of Civil Law) upon Siemens.
1869-1883 The Brooklyn Bridge is built.
1869 - 71. Schweinfurth explores the Southern Soudan.
1869 - 74. Nachtigall explores east of Tchad.
1870 Wallace publishes "Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection."
1870 Italy becomes a nation, with Rome as its capital.
1870 July 23 After making his wife, Eugenie, regent of France, Charles Napoleon sets out with his son at the head of the French army, full of high hopes of victory and triumph.
1870 June 25 Isabella II of Spain abdicates.
1870 September 20 Italian troops occupy Rome.
1870 September 4 Louis-Napoleon is overthrown after the capitulation of Sedan.
1870 The Dutch initiate their campaign against Aceh with about 30 thousand troops, 347 of whom are Ambonese.
1870 The French withdraw from Rome to fight the Franco-German war.  The Italians take Rome and make it their capital.
1870 The German investigators Fritsch and Hitzig produce contraction of definite sets of muscles of the opposite side of the body by stimulating definite areas of the cortex of animals with a galvanic current.
1870 The electric telegraph lines of the United Kingdom, worked by different companies, are transferred to the Post Office, and placed under Government control.
1870 At the close of pontifical rule, John Draper finds that while walking the ordure-defiled streets of Rome, it is more necessary to inspect the earth than to contemplate the heavens if personal purity is to be preserved.
1870 The great war between Paraguay and Brazil.
1870 There are only 36 haji in the Residency of Amboina.
1870 August 2 The French engage the Prussian army near Saarbruck, on the frontier line of the hostile kingdoms.  The Prussians, after a fight in which both sides lose equally, retire in good order.  This is the only French victory of the entire war.
1870 William Thomas' siphon recorder is introduced on long telegraph cables.
1870 France and Prussia go to war over foolish points of honor.
1870 the King of Prussia is publicly proclaimed German Emperor in the palace of Versailles.
1870 France loses Alsace and Lorraine to Germany.
1870 Fedchenko discovers Transalai, north of Pamir.
1870 Douglas Forsyth reaches Yarkand.
1871 William Thompson Kelvin says that it is very probable that space is full of life-containing meteors.
1871 midsummer, The government of Prussia abolishes the Catholic department in the ministry of Public Worship.
1871? The Dutch declare war upon Aceh.
1871 March A revolutionary movement results in the burning of many of the monuments of Paris and the execution of about 20 thousand insurgents.
1871 November The Imperial Parliament of Prussia passes a law that ecclesiastics abusing their office to the disturbance of the public peace shall be criminally punished.
1871 Piracy and native attacks halt America's pepper trade with Sumatera after 967 pepper voyages.
1871 The British frigate "Megaera" is wrecked at New Amsterdam Island, and most of the 400 persons on board have to remain upwards of three months on the island.
1871 The big fire of Chicago.
1871 - 88. The four explorations of Western China by Prjevalsky.
1872 February 8 A Moslem convict murders the earl of Mayo, British viceroy to India, who is on a visit to Port Blair, in the Andaman Islands.
1872 March 1 Ulysses Simpson Grant signs the act that sets aside the land for Yellowstone Park, first national park in the USA.
1872 March Ulises Grant signs a bill from the US congress establishing Yellowstone National Park--the world's first.
1872 November The earth crosses the orbit of the ill-starred Comet Biela, and a shower of meteors comes whizzing into our atmosphere.  The comet had disintegrated.
1872 The British unite the Andaman and Nicobar Islands under a chief commissioner residing at Port Blair.
1872 The US Congress sets aside Yellowstone as the world's first national park.
1872 - 73. Payer and Weiprecht discover Franz Josef Land.
1872 - 76. H.M.S. _Challenger_ examines the bed of the ocean.
1872 - 76. Ernest Giles traverses North - West Australia.
1873 February 11 Amadeus I of Spain abdicates.
1873 Norwegian Dr. G. Armauer Hansen identifies Micobacterium lepri as the cause of leprosy.  This is the first bacterium to be linked to a human disease.  It is a relative of the organism that causes tuberculosis.
1873? While constructing rheostats, Thomas Edison observes that powdered plumbago and carbon has the property of varying in its resistance to the passage of the current when under pressure.
1873 Charles Wheatstone is appointed a Foreign Associate of the French Academy of Sciences.
1873 Colonel Warburton traverses Australia from east to west.
1873 Livingstone discovers Lake Moero.
1874 Alexander Graham Bell begins his researches with a musical telephone.  Its interrupted current vibrates a receiver consisting of an electromagnet causing an iron reed or tongue to vibrate.
1874 - 1875 Ismail Pasha greatly extends Egyptian territory, annexing the Soudan as far as Darfur, and finally to the shores of the lately discovered Victoria Nyanza.
1874 Siemens receives the Royal Albert Medal for his researches on heat.
1874 Siemens receives the Royal Albert Medal for his researches on heat.
1874 The Dutch establish the Ambonese Kweekschool (Teachers' Training College), based on a secular curriculum, to replace the missionary teachers' school.
1874-1875 Siemens Telegraph Works lays the Direct United States Cable from England to the US.
1874 - 75. Lieut. Cameron crosses equatorial Africa.
1875 Wallace publishes "On Miracles and Modern Spiritualism."
1875 Siemens receives the Bessemer medal of the Iron and Steel Institute.
1875 Siemens receives the Bessemer medal of the Iron and Steel Institute.
1875 The Turkish sultan sends irregular troops into Christian Bulgaria with orders to kill all they meet. It is an order to the Mohammedan taste. The defenseless villages of Bulgaria are entered and their inhabitants slaughtered in cold blood till thousands of men, women, and children have been slain.
1875 Bosnia rebels in consequence of the insufferable oppression of the Turkish tax collectors.
1875 July 1 Alexander Graham Bell instructs Thomas Watson to make a kind of earphone, or speaker.  He seems to be unaware that this is pretty much the same thing as the dynamic microphone he has already designed.
1875 July 1 Alexander Graham Bell instructs Watson to make a second dynamic microphone cum speaker.
1875 Werner Siemens' spark apparatus is used to measure the speed of electricity in overland telegraph lines.
1875 June 2 Alexander Graham Bell finishes the first dynamic microphone.  On the same day, he succeeds in transmitting SOUNDS and audible signals, without even the aid of a battery.
1875 - 94. Elisee Reclus publishes his _Geographie Universelle._
1876 Wallace publishes "The Geographical Distribution of Animals."
1876 beginning) Alexander Graham Bell patents his speaking telephone in the US.  Elisha Gray applies for a similar patent on the same day.
1876 The British Admiralty builds two iron-clads, the Mercury and Iris, of Siemens-Martin steel.  The experiment proves so satisfactory that this material is later used exclusively for the construction of hulls and boilers in the Royal dockyards.
1876 The British massacre Samoans at Mulinuu.
1876 A short railroad is laid in China.
1876 Japan sends a fleet to Seoul, the Korean capital, and forces the government to open the port of Fusan to trade by threat of war.
1876 The Russians intervene after a period of particularly atrocious Turkish massacres against the people of Bulgaria.
1876 June? Alexander Graham Bell exhibits his microphone-speaker telephone apparatus at the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia.
1876 The fragment of a bronze bowl is discovered in Cyprus.  round its edge, it bears an inscription dedicating it to Baal-Lebanon as a gift from a servant of Hiram, king of the Sidonians.  It is probably the oldest Phoenician document which we possess.
1876 March 1 Alexander Graham Bell receives the patent for his telephone.
1876 Siemens exhibits his   bathometer, or attraction meter, at the Loan Exhibition in South Kensington.
1876 The independence of Egypt is much increased, and its rulers are given the title of khedive, or king.  The British take over Egypt.
1876-78 Prince Nicholas of Montenegro joins Serbia and Russia in a war against Turkey.  1,900 square miles is changed from a principality into a kingdom, Prince Nicholas gaining the title of King Nicholas.
1876 Albert Markham reaches 83.20 deg. N. on the Nares expedition.
1876 - 77. Stanley traces the course of the Congo.
1877 Thomas Edison   produces The "pressure relay," which uses powdered plumbago.  This leads to the carbon microphone.
1877 Thomas Edison invents the phonograph.
1877 June The Russians cross the Danube. A month later, they occupy the principal passes of the Balkan mountains and are in position to descend on the broad plain that leads to Constantinople.
1877 Thomas Edison patents his "electromotograph," which is a kind of amplifier-loudspeaker.  He uses it to build his "Edison Telephone."
1877 March 3 A few careful sentences about the telephone appear in the London Athenaeum.
1877 a telegraph line is established in China.
1877 May 4 During a lecture in the Boston Music Hall, Alexander Graham Bell gives a demonstration of his earphone/microphone telephone apparatus.
1877-1878   The T'ai'ping rebellion and the Mohammedan rebellion, combined with famine, destroys scores of millions of Chinese.
1877 - 1878 Russia fights Turkey in the Russo-Turkish War.  Serbia joins forces with Russia.
1877 April 12 Britain declares annexation of the Transvaal in Pretoria.
1877 April Alexander II of Russia declares war against Turkey. The outrages of the Turks have been so flagrant that no allies come to their aid, while the rottenness of their empire is shown by the rapid advance of the Russian armies.
1877 April The Russian armies cross the Danube, storm the Shipka pass, and after the capture of Plevna, march southward until they reach the gates of Constantinople.  Turkey appeals for help to England.  The English take the side of the Sultan.
1877 Queen Victoria is proclaimed Empress of India.
1877 fall,  Bismarck orders a line between his palace in Berlin and his farm at Varzin, which lie two hundred and thirty miles apart.
1877 Henry James writes "The American."
1877 January 30 Alexander Graham Bell patents an improved electromagnetic earphone/microphone which gets into common use.
1877 The Russo-Turkish war.  Fighting continues till 1878.
1878 Serbia becomes an independent principality.
1878 Thomas Edison constructs his "micro-tasimeter," a delicate thermoscope capable of sensing temperature changes of one millionth of a degree Fahrenheit.
1878 During the season of the  Exhibition, the boulevards of Paris are lit by the arc lamps of Jablochkoff, and the display excites a widespread interest in the new mode of illumination.
1878 Wallace publishes "Tropical Nature and Other Essays."
1878 Alexander Graham Bell honeymoons in England and Scotland.
1878 Thomas Edison indicates the use of wax to take phonographic records in place of tinfoil.
1878 Hall founds the telephone business in Buffalo.
1878 Tombs are excavated at Tilya Tepe, in what was ancient Baktria, Afghanistan.  20 thousand gold ornaments are uncovered from six graves.  These date from <>2000 years ago.
1878 Western Union makes its short-lived attempt to compete with Bell Company.
1878 winter, Alexander Graham Bell conceives the idea of the photophone while lecturing in England.
1878 Eastern Roumelia becomes autonomous.
1878 June 3 L. F. W. (whoever this is), writes about the photophone idea to the scientific journal, NATURE, from Kew.
1878 Montenegro becomes an independent principality.
1878 October Thomas Edison telegraphs news of the invention of his electric light bulb to London and Paris.
1878 Roumania becomes an independent principality.
1878 Bosnia and Herzegovina are assigned to Austrian administrative control.
1878 Bosnia and Herzegovina, formerly part of Turkey in Europe, were put under the military occupation and administrative rule of Austria.
1878 Bulgaria becomes an autonomous principality.
1878 Second British invasion of Afghan territory to counter Russian expansion.
1878 Charles E. Scribner devises the first "jackknife switch."
1878 Russia is forced to conclude the peace of San Stefano, and the question of the Balkans is left to a Congress which convenes at Berlin in June and July.
1878 A sample telephone is installed in congressman Garfield's home and left there at no charge.
1878 DAVID EDWIN HUGHES generously gives the (carbon) microphone to the world.
1878 One of Thomas Edison's assistants announces the phonograph in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.
1878 - 82. The Pundit Krishna traces the course of the Yangtse, Pekong, and Brahmaputra.
1878 - 79. Nordenskiold solves the North - East Passage along the north coast of Siberia.
1878 - 84. Joseph Thomson explores East - Central Africa.
1878 - 85. Serpa Pinto twice crosses Africa.
1879 Afghanistan and Britain sign the treaty of Gandalmak.  Emir Abdul Rahman Khan is given authority over internal affairs, but Britain retains control of international policy.
1879 The New York telephone directory is a small card showing 252 names.
1879 DAVID EDWIN HUGHES brings out his induction balance.
1879 DAVID EDWIN HUGHES endowes the scientific world with his "induction balance," a kind of metal detector and identifier.
1879 The father of tropical medicine, Sir Patrick Manson, presents the first conclusive proof of the direct transmission of a disease from man to man.  The disease is filaria, a blood infection that often causes the repulsive condition known as elephantiasis.  The vector is a mosquito.
1879 Dutch language schools begin to be established for the children of Ambonese and Menadonese soldiers in garrison towns throughout the Malay archipelago.
1879 The British fight Cetewayo.
1879 The British suppress the revolt of Arabi Pasha.  They bombard Alexandria and defeat the Egyptians, France taking no part.
1879 - 82. The _Jeannette_ passes through Behring Strait to the mouth of the Lena.
1880 February 9 Pasteur announces a method for vaccination against chicken cholera to the French Academy of Sciences.
1880 Thomas Edison invents the light bulb.
1880 Joel Chandler Harris writes "Uncle Remus."
1880 March 31 Wabash, Indiana, population 320,  becomes the first electrically lighted city.
1880 winter, Siemens carries out experiments using arc lamps in which he determines that plants will continue growing at night if strong light is provided.
1880 The Rocky Mountain Bell Company begins at Salt Lake City with a hundred telephones.
1880 The mahdist outbreak begins.
1880? Belief in the causal relation that micro-organisms bear to disease finally takes possession of the medical world.
1880 A Mohammedan prophet arises in the Soudan.  He claims to be the Mahdi, a Moslem Messiah.
1880 An electric railway is opened in Berlin.
1880 Canned meat and fruits first appear in stores.
1880 Leigh Smith surveys south coast of Franz Josef Land.
1880 - 82. Bonvalot traverses the Pamirs.
1881 Siemens receives a gold medal at the Paris exhibition.
1881 Siemens receives a gold medal at the Paris exhibition.
1881 Dom Pedro of Brazil introduces telephony into his country.
1881 March 19 Laupepa is crowned king of Samoa.
1881 Michael Faradayof Yorkshire constructs the first "dynamo."
1881 Roumania becomes an independent kingdom.
1881 - 87. Wissmann twice crosses Africa, and discovers the left affluents of the Congo.
1882 Wallace publishes "Land Nationalisation."
1882 Fleeming Jenkin patents telpherage (electric cable cars).
1882 Serbia becomes a kingdom.
1882 Siemens is made President of the British Association.
1882 Siemens is made President of the British Association.
1882 The telephone is scarcely used at all in London, and is unknown in the other English cities.
1883 There is already a busy telephone exchange in Tokyo.
1883 Siemens becomes chairman of the Society of Arts.
1883 England undertakes to "protect" Egypt.
1883 Siemens is knighted.
1883 The Mahdi sets up his capital in El Obeid, the chief city of Kordofan.
1883 J. J. Carty dramatically improves telephone quality by using two wires on a new line between Boston and Providence.
1883 November 19 Monday 9 PM, Siemens dies.
1883 Siemens is knighted.
1883 November 19 Monday 9 PM, Siemens dies.  1902 June 9 Horn and Hardart Coffee Co. opens the first Automat in the US opens the first "Automat," a mechanized system for dispensing food.
1883 Siemens becomes chairman of the Society of Arts.
1883 August 12 The last known Kwaga, a subspecies of the African zebra, dies in an Amsterdam zoo.
1883 August 27 Krakatoa explodes--the most violent explosion in recorded human history.
1883 The German consul, Dr. Stuebel, extorts a convention in terms of which Samoans convicted of  offences against German subjects are to be confined in a private  gaol belonging to the German firm.
1883 Lockwood, on the Greely Mission, reaches 83.23 deg. N., north cape of Greenland.
1884 An international conference in Washington agrees upon the prime meridian.
1884 General Charles Gordon (the famous Chinese Gordon) ascends the Nile to relieve the Egyptian garrison at Khartoum.  The Arabs of the Soudan flock to the standard of the Mahdi in such multitudes that Khartoum is cut off from all communication with the north, leaving Gordon and the garrison in a position of dire peril.
1885 Wallace publishes "Bad Times."
1885 Eastern Roumelia is annexed to Bulgaria.
1885 January 28 Lord Wolseley arrives in the vicinity of Khartoum only to learn that the town has been taken and Gordon killed two days ago.   All his men, 4 thousand in number, were killed with him.
1885 King Leopold of Belgium founds the Congo Free State.  This gigantic tropical empire is originally an "absolute monarchy." But after many years of scandalous mismanagement, it is annexed by the Belgian people who made it a colony (in the year 1908) and abolished the terrible abuses which had been tolerated by this very unscrupulous Majesty, who cared nothing for the fate of the natives as long as he got his ivory and rubber.
1885 Latimer Clark and   Sir C. T. Bright lay a cable in the Red Sea in order to establish a telegraph to India.
1885 November 5 Laupepa, Tamasese, and 48 high chiefs meet in secret, and the supremacy of Samoa is secretly offered to Great Britain for the second time in history.
1885 Samuel Clemens publishes Hucleberry Finn.
1885 A national rising takes place in Eastern Roumelia, a province of Turkey.  The Turkish governor is expelled and union with Bulgaria is proclaimed. Servia demands a share of this new acquisition of territory and goes to war with Bulgaria, but meets with severe defeat.
1885 DAVID EDWIN HUGHES receives the Royal Medal of the Royal Society for his experiments--especially those of the microphone.
1885 Japan and China agree to withdraw their troops from Korea and to send no officers to drill Korean soldiers.
1886 Clement Ader constructs an airplane of bat-like form with a wingspread of about forty-six feet, a weight of eleven hundred pounds, and a steam-power plant of between twenty and thirty horse-power driving a four-bladed tractor screw.
1886 January 28   Tamasese raises his flag in Leulumoenga, chief place of his own province of  Aana, usurps the style of king, and begins to collect and arm a  force.
1886 September 7 Alexander of Bulgaria abdicates.
1886 The dikes of the Yellow River burst.  7 million people are drowned.1848 Crops fail in Ireland.  1 million people die.
1886 Francis Garnier explores the course of the Mekong.
1887 Samoa negotiations are broken off at Washington.
1887 August (middle) There are five German warships in Apia bay:  the Bismarck, the  Carola, the Sophie, the Olga, and the Adler.
1887 September 3 The Germans burn Satupaitea village as punishment for disrespect.
1887 September Tamasese is king.  The Germans remove Laupepa from Samoa.  He trembles and suffers in the Cameroons, in Germany, and in the  rainy Marshalls for two years.
1887 The German East African Company establishes an outpost at Dar es Salaam.
1887 August 24 The Germans practically seize Samoa.
1887 August 27 The Germans declare martial law in Apia.
1887 August 30 The Germans get word of Laupepa's lurking- place, surround the hamlet under cloud of night, and in the early  morning burst with a force of sailors on the houses.  The people  flee on all sides, and are fired upon.  One boy is shot in the  hand, the first blood of the war.  But the king was nowhere to be found.
1887 December   The Hon. John  E. Bush, a half-caste Hawaiian, sails for Apia as  minister-plenipotentiary.
1887 February Samoan chief Malietoa Laupepa signs a deed of confederation with Hawaiian minister-plenipotentiary John Bush.  They celebrate in the new house of the  Hawaiian embassy at Apia.
1887 Kamehameha School is established in Hawaii.
1887 Adana is connected with Tersus and Mersina by a railway.
1887 Younghusband travels from Pekin to Kashmir.
1887 - 89. Stanley conducts the Emin Pasha Relief Expedition across Africa, and discovers the Pigmies, and the Mountains of the Moon.
1888 December 21 The German warship, OLGA, comes before Matafangatele, in Samoa, orders the  delivery of all arms within the hour, and at the end of that  period, none being brought, shells and burns the village.  Captain Hamilton's American flag gets mutilated.
1888 June Robert Louis Stevenson sails for the Marquesas aboard a chartered yacht named the "Casco."
1888 A great popular movement nearly overthrows the French Republic for the benefit of General Boulanger.
1888 F. Nansen crosses Greenland from east to west.
1888 - 89. Captain Binger traces the bend of the Niger.
1889 Wallace publishes a full treatise on natural selection, calling it "Darwinism."
1889 March 16 A devastating hurricane strikes Apia.
1889 March 6 Milan of Servia abdicates.
1889 November Laupepa returns to a changed world in Samoa.
1889 Samoa negotiations are resumed in Berlin.
1889 Brazil becomes a republic.
1889 January 15 The British steamer, RICHMOND, returns to Apia.
1889 January 8 The German consulate in Apia is destroyed by fire.
1889 The brothers Grjmailo explore Chinese Turkestan.
1889 - 90. Bonvalot and Prince Henri d'Orleans traverse Tibet.
1890 end) dispeace between the two Malietoas is rumored in Samoa.
1890 October 9 Clement Ader tests his airplane, the "Eole in France."  It flies 164 feet, and crashes.
1890 the price of cloves crashes on the world market and remains depressed during the first half of the 20th century.
1890 Selous and Jameson explore Mashonaland.
1890 Sir W. Macgregor crosses New Guinea.
1891 January (early) Conrad Cedarcrantz arrives in Apia as chief justice of Samoa.
1891 September 4 Friday, Mataafa's six ring leaders are tried and sentenced to six months' detention in Apia.
1891 The Al Rashid clan drives the Sauds into exile.
1891 summer, Otto Lilenthal builds his first glider of strong cotton fabric stretched over rods of peeled willow, and begins his series of flights.
1891 - 92. Monteil crosses from Senegal to Tripoli.
1892 Peary proves Greenland an island.
1893 The Belgian government sets up a telephone system.
1893-1895 The Durant line dividing India from Afghanistan is confirmed.  The Pashtun ethnic group is split.
1893 At the instigation of a group of American businessmen, the US overthrows and imprisons Queen Liliuokalani.
1893 France annexes New Amsterdam Island.
1893 Mr. and Mrs. Littledale travel across Central Asia.
1893 - 97. Dr. Sven Hedin explores Chinese Turkestan, Tibet, and Mongolia.
1893 - 97. Dr. Nansen is carried across the Arctic Ocean in the _Fram_, and advances farthest north (86.14 deg. N.).
1894 November The Japanese attack the powerful fortress of Port Arthur by land and sea.  It surrenders after a two days' siege.
1894 September 15 The Chinese lose 16 thousand killed, wounded, and captured to the Japanese at Ping Yang.  The Japanese loss is trifling.
1894 The Tong Hak Uprising, a peasant revolt, threatens Korea.  Korea appeals for help to China.  The Japanese move in.
1894 The followers of a new religious sect break out in open revolt in Korea.
1894 The third plague pandemic begins in Canton and Hongkong.  Within 20 years, plague kills more than 10 million people.
1894 August 1 Japan and China declare war upon each other.
1894 July 25 Three Japanese men-of-war, cruising in the Yellow Sea, come in sight of a British-owned transport loaded with Chinese troops on their way to Korea.  It is convoyed by two ships of the Chinese navy.  The Japanese admiral sinks the transport when it refuses to follow him to port.  Hundreds die.
1894 - 95. C. E. Borchgrevink visits Antarctica.
1894 - 96. Jackson - Harmsworth expedition in Arctic lands.
1895 Englishman Percy Sinclair Pilcher builds his first glider.
1895 Otto Lilienthal improves the performance of his gliders by adding another wing, making them biplanes.
1895 Japan defeats China, and occupies Taiwan.
1895 - 1896 The Turks perpetrate terrible massacres in Armenia, a part of Turkey in Asia.
1895 December (latter part) Professor Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen, of Wurzburg, announces the discovery of the x-ray effect.
1896 The Greek Christian population of Crete revolts against the oppression and tyranny of Turkish rule. Of all the Powers of Europe little Greece is the only one that comes to their aid, and the great nations, still inspired with the fear of a general war, send their fleets and threaten Greece with blockade unless she will withdraw her troops.
1896 summer, Pilcher makes some twelve glides at Eynsford in Kent.
1896-1897 Famine in India.
1896 June 2 Marconi patents wireless.
1896 Otto Lilienthal dies in a glider crash.
1896 Samuel Pierpoint Langley succeeds in flying a model airplane in America.
1896 The British send an English-Egyptian expedition against Khartoum under General Kitchener.  It does not reach Khartoum until 1898.
1896 Captain Bottego explores Somaliland.
1896 Donaldson Smith traces Lake Rudolph.
1896 Prince Henri D'Orleans travels from Tonkin to Moru.
1897 June 19 pilcher glides over 250 yards across a valley at considerable height.
1897 October 14 Clement Ader tries out his third airplane, the "Avion," at the French military establishment at Satory.  It flies nearly 1000 feet, and crashes.
1897 War breaks out between Greece and Turkey.  The Turks, now under an able commander, show much of their ancient valor and intrepidity.  They cross the frontier, defeat the Greeks in a rapid series of engagements, and occupy Thessaly.  The Greek army is driven back in a state of utter demoralization.
1897 Captain Foa traverses South Africa from S. to N.
1897 D. Carnegie crosses W. Australia from S. to N.
1898 The US illegally annexes Hawaii.
1898 April Horatio Herbert Kitchener defeats the Dervish army of the Khalifa in the Sudan.
1898 General Kitchener and his men meet the Arabs at Omdurman, near Khartoum, and give them a crushing defeat, more than 10 thousand of them falling, while the British loss is only about 200. This ends the Arab resistance and the Soudan is restored to Egypt fourteen years after being taken by the Mahdi.
1898 September 2 Horatio Herbert Kitchener utterly crushes the Dervish hosts at Omdurman, regaining the Sudan for Egypt and Britain.1794 under the orders of the National Convention, Napoleon Bonaparte quells the mob of Paris with loaded cannon and puts a final end to the Reign of Terror.
1899 October 2 Monday, Pilcher dies of injuries received in a glider crash on September 30.
1899 Two dozen countries sign the Hague convention, pledging not to use toxic gases or other poisons as weapons.
1899-1900 Famin in India.  This famine, together with that of 1896-1897, kills 21 million people.
1899 A sick member of Wang Yi Rong's family sent to a pharmacist for turtle plastrons to cure his malaria.  Before the shells were ground up, someone in the family noticed that they were inscribed with strange characters that resembled Chinese.  Wang Yi Rong learned to read these inscriptions, and became the first major collector of Shang oracle bones.
1899 An electric trolley railway is put in operation in the streets of Seoul, Korea.
1899 Cuba gains independence from Spain.
1900 The Zeppelin has its first trial flight.
1900 August 14 European, US, and Japanese troops enter Beijing.
1900 First Zeppelin flight
1900 Joseph Conrad publishes "Lord Jim."
1900 Max Plank announces his revolutionary energy quanta theory.
1900 The Boxer Rebellion rages across China in protest of foreign occupation.  American marines invade.
1901 December 12 First radio transmission across the Atlantic.  The message was an S in Morse code.  It was sent from England to Newfoundland.  Marconi was on the receiving end.
1901 December 12 Marconi and two assistants receive radio signals from England in Newfoundland.
1901 December 16 Margaret Mead is born.
1901 British engineer Hubert C.  Booth devises a motorized vacuum cleaner.
1901 People begin to use a Roman alphabet to write Malay.  Before this, Malay was always written in Arabic script.
1902 The Bulgarian bandit, Sandansky, kidnaps Miss Ellen M. Stone, an American missionary, and holds her for a ransom of $65 thousand to procure funds for his campaign.  He crosses the Turkish border At the head of a band of 2,500 Bulgarians and burns the Turkish blockhouse at Oschumava.  Then he occupies a strategic position above the Struma River.
1902 The private, nonprofit group, Carnegi Institution, is founded by industrialist Andrew Carnegi to promote new discoveries in the sciences.
1902 After three years of bitter fighting, England conquers the independent Boer republics of the Transvaal and the Orange Free State.
1902 Mt.  Pelee, on the Island of Martinique, in the West Indies, erupts destroying thirty thousand human beings in fifteen minutes and devastating nearly the entire island.
1903 American experimenter Greenleaf Whittier Pickard investigates the possibilities of certain crystals as detectors (rectifiers) for radio signals.
1903-1907  In India, plague deaths average between one and two million per year.
1903 Gustaf Komppa discovers a way to synthesize camphoric acid.
1903 December 17 Orville Wright becomes the first man to achieve powered, controlled, sustained, manned flight in a heavier-than-air craft.  Wilbur Wright makes a longer flight the same day.
1903 December 8 Langley tries to fly his latest "aerodrome," and ends up in the Anacostia River.
1903 October 7 About 12:45 PM, Langley tries to fly his "aerodrome" at Widewater, Va, and ends up in the Potomac River.
1903 Swedish chemist and Nobel Laureatte Svante Arenius says life could travel unaided through space propelled by starlight.  He calls this "panspermia."
1904 December 20 After cutting tunnels through the solid rock, Japanese general Nogi carries Port Arthur by storm.
1904 February  Japan withdraws her minister from St. Petersburg and three days later, without the formality of a declaration of war, attacks the Russian fleets at Chemulpo and Port Arthur (Lu Shun) and lands troops in Korea.
1904 The Japanese defeat the Russians in the Japanese-Russian war.
1904 April 13 Japanese admiral Togo drives back the Russian fleet.  Its flagship, the PETROPAVLOVSK, strikes a mine and sinks with its crew and admiral.
1904 August 16 Japanese general Nogi orders a grand assault against Port Arthur, Russian General Stoessel having refused to surrender.  The attack fails, and the Japanese loose 14 thousand men.
1905 Korea becomes a Japanese protectorate.
1905 Norway, in a most peaceful and orderly manner, withdraws from the dual Scandinavian state, and sets up as an independent kingdom.  The Swedes bade her "good speed" and very wisely let her go her own way.
1905 The Japanese defeat the Russions in the Russo-Japanese war.
1905 Englishman Sapper Moreton remains at an altitude of 2,600 feet for an hour in a box kite.
1905 May 27 A fresh Russian fleet reaches Japan by way of the Suez Canal.  Togo ambushes it in the Strait of Tsushuma, between Korea and Japan, and destroys it.
1905 January 2 The Russians surrender to the Japanese in Manchuria.
1905 Japan lays claim to the entire empire of Korea.
1906 October 23 Santos-Dumont flies nearly 200 feet.
1906 Alberto Santos-Dumont makes Europe's first heavier-than-air flight in a plane modelled after a box kite.
1906 American experimenter Greenleaf Whittier Pickard obtains excellent electronic rectification results from silicon.
1906 April the San Francisco earthquake.
1906 August 14 A military expedition reaches Peking and rescues the besieged foreign population.  The empress and her court flee for their lives.
1906 British explorer Hans Fisher undertakes an audacious journey through the heart of the Sahara.
1906 Lee de Forest, an American inventor, adds a grid to the diode and creates the triode vacuum tube.
1907 Wallace publishes "Is Mars Habitable."
1907 September 7 A peace treaty is signed between China and the foreign powers allied against her because of the Boxer rebellion.
1907 The American Spice Trade Association is formed.
1907 Gustaf Komppa begins industrial production of camphor in Tainionkoski, Finland.
1907 March Frenchman Louis Bleriot builds his first monoplane, and wrecks it a few days later.
1907 Ohio janitor James Murray Spangler invents a 40-pound electric vacuum cleaner, and sells it to entrepreneur William H.  Hoover.
1908 July, Henry Farman wins a prize of L400 for a flight of thirteen miles.
1908 September 12 Orville Wright crashes at Fort Meyer.  He is severely injured.  His passenger, Lieut. Selfridge, is killed.
1908 According to the US Bureau of Labour, between 30 thousand and 35 thousand workers die of accidents, while 200 thousand more are injured.
1908 An object estimated to be about 40m in diameter explodes over Tunguska.
1908 August 8 Wilbur Wright takes off for the first time in Europe at Le Mans and Pau.
1908 Bosnia and Herzegovina are fully annexed by Austria-Hungary.  This act of spoliation infuriates the Serbs, and ultimately results in the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand in 1914, and may thus be considered the instigating agency in the 1914 war.
1908 September Henry Farman sets a speed record of forty miles an hour in a flight lasting forty minutes.
1908 The Wright brothers stun observers in the US and Europe with their ability to stay airborn for more than an hour and to climb, turn, and land with what seemed like the ease and grace of birds.
1908 Bulgaria becomes an independent kingdom.
1908 Henri Farman completes Europes first circular airplane flight.
1908 July 6 Bleriot makes an 8.5 minute flight in his latest monoplane.
1908 July, Frenchman Henry Farman flies one kilometer with a passenger, Ernest Archdeacon.
1909 July 19 Monday Aviator Hubert Latham is fished out of the English Channel after an attempt at crossing.
1909 July 25 Sunday 4:35 AM, French aviator Louis Bleriot takes off from France and crosses the English Channel.
1909 New York's Forest Hills Gardens suberb is opened.
1909 September 22 Wednesday French Captain Ferber crashes his airplane and dies.
1910 September 23 Aviator Georges Chavez sets out to fly across the Alps on a Bleriot monoplane.  He makes a crash landing, and dies on the 27th.
1910 The Union of South Africa gains independence.
1910 April 2 Aviator Hubert Le Blon crashes into the sea and dies.
1910 French Equatorial Africa is set up.
1910 January 4 Leon Delagrange is killed when a wing breaks off his airplane. at Pau.
1910 Japan annexes the Korean Peninsula as a colony.
1910 July 12 British aviator C. S. Rolls dies in a plane crash at Bournemouth.
1910 Montenegro becomes a kingdom.
1910 Pneumonic plague kills 50-60 thousand people in Manchuria.
1911 Red-green color blindness, found mostly in males, is mapped to the X chromosome.  This is the first disease gene to be traced to a chromosome.
1911 The Ching dynasty falls in China.
1911 end of year) A new republic is announced at Nanking under the provisional presidency of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen, a student of modern institutions in Europe and America.
1911 - 1912 Italy conquers Tripoli.
1911 women die in a fire in New York's 10-story Ash Building.  They were trapped in the top 3 floors, which were occuppied by the Triangle Shirtwaist Co.
1911 April 12 Paprier, instructor at the Bleriot school at Hendon, makes the first non-stop flight between London and Paris.
1911 December 14 Almundsen and four other Norwegians become the first to reach the South Pole.
1912 October 20 The Bulgarian main army has forced the Turks back upon the outward forts of Adrianople.  Their left wing threatens the important post of Kirk-Kilisseh, in Thrace, about thirty miles northeast of Adrianople.
1912 October 23 The Serbians take  Novibazar, capital of the sanjak of the same name.
1912 December 3 Turkey signs an armistice with the Balkan states.
1912 October 24 After three days of fighting, the Bulgarians take Kirk-Kilisseh, in Thrace from the Turks.
1912 October 31 After three days of fighting, the Bulgarians achieve the great success of the war, defeating a Turkish army of 200 thousand men. Only a fortnight has passed since Turkey declared war.
1912 October 5 King Peter of Servia explains his reasons for mobilizing his troops to the National Assembly as follows: "I have applied with friendly counsels to Constantinople regarding the misery which the Christian nationalities, including ours, are suffering in Turkey, and it is to be regretted that all this was of no avail.
1912 February 12 The emperor of China abdicates, ending a Manchu dynasty which has held the throne for 267 years.
1912 October 14  without waiting to declare war Bulgaria crosses the Turkish border and makes a sharp attack on the railway patrols between Sofia and Uskut.
1912 October 15 The war between Italy and Tripoli is settled by a protocol in favor of Italy.  Turkey ends up with financial losses and political unrest.
1912 October 17 Greece declares war on Turkey.
1912 October 8 Montenegro declares war on Turkey.
1912 October 9 Franz Peter opens the war by firing the first shot at a strong Turkish position opposite Podgoritza.  He is the youngest son of King Nicholas of Montenegro.
1912 The "Republic of China" gains control of China.
1912 Captain Roald AMUNDSON reaches the South Pole.
1912 October 17 Turkey declares war on Serbia and Bulgaria.
1913 Wallace publishes "The Revolt of Democrasy."
1913 Igor Sikorsky launches the first four-engined airplane, a biplane.
1913 July 30 Peace talks are held between the warring Balkan states at Bukarest, capital of Roumania.
1913 May 30 A peace treaty is concluded between Turkey and the Balkans.  Turkey cedes to her allied foes all territory west of a line drawn from Enos on the Aegean coast to Media on the coast of the Black Sea.  Adrianople remains in the hands of the Bulgarians.  Turkey gets only a narrow strip of territory west of Constantinople, the meager remnant of her once great holdings upon the continent of Europe.
1913 May 5 The Montenegrans give Scutari up to Austria to form part of a projected Albanian kingdom.
1913 April 23 The Montenegrans capture Scutari after an entire day of ceaseless fighting against the Turks.  This is the climax of a six month siege.
1913 August 10 The warring Balkan states sign a peace treaty  at Bukarest.
1913 December 5 American botanist Charles B. Robinson is killed in a small village between Aerlouw and Seri about fifteen kilometers from Ambon.
1913 February 3 The Balkan states resume hostilities against Turkey.
1913 March 26 Adrianople falls to the Bulgarians and Serbs.  The siege has continued for 152 days. Before yielding, the Turks blow up the arsenal and set fire to the city at several points.
1913 February 8 In an impulsive bayonet charge, the Montenegrins take the important Scutari outwork on Muselim Hill.
1913 February 8 Led by King Nicholas in person, the Montenegrins attack Scutari, an Albanian stronghold.  Servian artillery aid in the assault.
1913 Harry Brearley discovers stainless steel in Scheffield, England.
1914 August 1 Germany, under Kaiser Wilhelm, declares war against Russia.
1914 July 23 Austria demands an apology and change of attitude from Serbia and asks for a reply by the hour of 6 P.M. on the 25th.
1914 July 28 Austria declares war upon Serbia.  Active hostilities commence.
1914 June 28 A Serbian student from Belgrade assassinates Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, and his wife in Sarajevo, Bosnia.
1914 October 2 The first contingent of Canadian troops sails for England en route to the theater of war.
1914-1918 Chemical weapons are used on WW1 battlefields.  Germany attacks with chlorine gas.  Allies retaliate.  By war's end, gases cause 1.3 million injuries and 100 thousand deaths.
1914 August 2 France begins mobilization.  German forces move against Russia and France simultaneously and invades the neutral states of Luxembourg and Belgium.
1914 August 4 Britain sends an ultimatum to Germany to withdraw from the neutral territory which her troops have entered and demands an answer by midnight. Germany declines to answer satisfactorily, and at 11:00pm Britain declares war.
1914 Japan, as an ally of Great Britain, takes part in the war between the great Powers of Europe by attacking Kiaochou, a district and fortress held by Germany on the northern coast of China.  Japan also takes possession of all the islands held by Germany in the North Pacific.
1915 May 7 The Germans torpedo the Lucitania off Ireland.
1915 November 24 Czech linguist, Bedřich Hrozný announces decipherment of the Hittite language in a lecture at the Near Eastern Society of Berlin.
1915 Haver's plan is approved by the Germans, who release tons of Chlorine on the allied armies.
1916 October 16 Margarette Sanger opens the first US birth control clinic in Brooklyn.
1917 The Germans develop formation flying for daylight raids against England.
1917 The Mt. Wilson observatory is set up.
1917 The Ottomans relinquish rule over Palestine.
1917 Bolshevik Revolution.
1917 December 20 Lenin establishes the forerunner of the KGB.
1918-1919 Influenza pandemic.
1919 July 2 British Major G. H. Scott, A.F.C., and crew set off for the US aboard the dirigible R.34.
1919 Leon Theramin invents the theramin in the Soviet Union.  It is one of the first electronic musical instruments.
1919 March 1 Korean citizens agitate for freedom and clash with Japanese police and military.  The widespread protest is brutally repressed.
1919 Raymon Ortig offers a prize of $25 thousand for the first non-stop flight between New York and Paris.
1919 The Carnegi Institution hires Edwin Hubble.  He is first to confirm that celestial bodies known as nebulae are actually galaxies outside our own.
1919 Third Anglo-Afghan war.  Afghan army attacks British troops in India.  Britain gives up its interest in Afghanistan, which then becomes a fully independent state.
1919 Alfred Lawson introduces the C2 airliner, the first multi-engine plane designed specifically to transport passengers.
1919 Astronomers establish that the mass of the sun causes a beam of light to curve as Einstein had predicted.
1920 Dutch inventor Fokker announces the construction of an airplane in which all external bracing wires are obviated, the wings being of a very deep section and self-supporting.
1920 In the US, there are 13 people for every car.
1920 Rosalyn Franklin is born.
1920 The Hawaiian Homes Commission Act returns ceded land to qualified people.
1920 s Ancient Ur is excavated.  A Sumerian golden bull carving dated <>2500 BC is uncovered.
1920 s Peking Man (Homo Erectus Pekinensis) is discovered.  In 2003, these remains were believed to be over 400 thousand years old.
1921 Afghanistan signs friendship treaties with Russia, Turkey, Italy, and Persia.
1921 The first drive-in restaurant in the US, the "Pig Stand," opens near Dallas.
1922 Amboina becomes capital of the Moluccas and West Papua.
1922 American pilot James Doolittle becomes the first to cross the US coast-to-coast in less than 24 hours.
1922 Britain receives a mandate to rule Palestine from the League of Nations.
1922 Egypt gains independence.
1922 November 4 A laborer in Howard Carter's team discovers the stairway leading down to the tomb of Tutankhamun.
1923 Modern Turkey is founded as a Western, secular democrasy.
1923 may 18 French engineer Antoin Barnet submits the first patent application for a rotary-dial telephone.
1923-1929 Amir Amanullah Khan introduces social reforms, prompting a backlash from conservative forces.
1924 Planes built by Donald Douglass' Douglas Aircraft Co, "World Cruisers," piloted by US Army fliers, complete the first aerial circumnavigation of the globe.
1925 The Dutch exile Sarekat Ambon leader A. J. Patty.
1925 The Geneva Protocol bans the use of chemical and biological weapons in war.
1926 The US Supreme Court provides legal protection for local governments that pass zoning laws in order to separate different land uses, such as the exclusion of multi-family housing from single-family neighborhoods.
1926 Hoover introduces a vacuum cleaner with beater bars and brushes.
1927 May 20 Charles Lindbergh takes off in the Spirit of St. Louis.  He reaches Paris at 10:24 the next evening.
1927 October 5 "The Jazz Singer" opens.  It is the first major film to feature both music and spoken dialog.
1928 Academia Sinica sends an excavation team to Shao Tuan.  This expedition uncovers more than 100 thousand inscribed oracle-bone fragments from the Shang period.
1928 Leon Theramin is granted a US patent for the theramin.
1928 The Islamic Brotherhood is formed in Egypt.
1929 Amir Amanullah Khan flees Afghanistan.
1929 Glen Martin builds the first plant designed to build metal aircraft.
1929 Graf Zeppelin flies to Tokyo
1929 James Doolittle becomes the first to fly blind, guided only by navigational instruments from takeoff to landing.
1930 The thylacine becomes extinct in Tasmania.
1930 s Physicists conclude that the stars are powered by nuclear fusion.
1930 Constantinople is officially named Istanbul.
1932 February 27 James Chadwick announces the discovery of the neutron.
1932 Ibn Saud founds Saudi Arabia with Riad as capital.
1932-1945 Japan kills 260 thousand in China with biological weapons--chiefly plague.
1933 Mohammed Zahir Syah begins his 40-year reign as king of Afghanistan.
1933 The Home-Owner's Loan Corporation standardizes methods for appraising homes.  The new rules favor houses in White neighborhoods outside city cores.
1934 May The first big dust storm powders Chicago with 12 million tons of Wyoming and Montana dirt.  A day or two later fallout dirties rooftops in New York City and the decks of ships 100 miles at sea.
1934 The newly-created Federal Housing Administration (FHA) ensures long-term mortgages enabling ordinary citizens to buy homes.
1935 April 14 Black Sunday--huge dust storm hits southern plains.
1935 Du Pont scientists invent nylon.
1935 Kodachrome film is perfected.
1936 Afghanistan signs a mutual trade agreement with the USSR and a friendship treaty with the US.
1936 German scientists discover the nerve agent, taboon, which is far deadlier than anything used in WW1.
1936 Percy Granger composes his "For Theramin Free Music #1."
1937 Albert Szent-Gyorgye receives the Nobel prize for discovering vitamin C in his research on paprika.
1937 Hindenburg disaster
1937 July 2 Aviatrix Amelia Earhart disappears over the Pacific Ocean.
1937 May 27  San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge is opened.
1937 May 6 The German dirigible, Hindenberg, burns upon arrival at Lakehurst, New Jersey.
1937 The Japanese invasion presses inland in China.  The Academia Sinica is forced to abandon digging at Shao Tuan.
1938 March 3 After fifteen months of drilling, American engineers unleash Saudi Arabia's first viable oil gusher in Damam.
1938 Rosalyn Franklin arrives at Cambridge.
1938 doctors begin using skin to fashion a replacement for the esophagus.  Before this, esophageal atresia has always been fatal.
1938 December 17 Otto Han and Fritz Frostman cause uranium to fission in Berlin.  They did not realize what they had done until Lisa Misner and Otto Frish interpreted their results for them while cross-coutry skiing in Sweden on December 24.
1938 December 22 A coelecanth is retrieved from a trawler's net in the Indian Ocean.  This species had been believed extinct for over 80 million years.
1939 Japanese unit 731, under General Shiro Ishi, orders that human beings be infected with terrible diseases, then cut open without anesthesia for examination in China.  Unit 731 results in 250 thousand deaths.
1940 Last Zeppelins scrapped
1940 May 14 Dutch neutrality ends with the German bombardment of Rotterdam.
1940 November 11 The British destroy half of the Italian navy in a surprise carrier attack upon Teranto.
1940 Ralph Devin meets David Fairchild in Ambon.
1940 s Dredging of the Mansfield Cut, a channel through Padre Island, Texas, displaces and scatters the remains of the Santa Maria de Isyar.
1941 December 7 Australian bombers land on Timor and Ambon.
1941 December 7 The Japanese attack Pearl Harbor using six aircraft carriers.
1941 Douglas aircraft, including the hugely successful DC3 airliner, carry the majority of airline passengers in the US.
1941 Ethiopia gains independence in all but the Italian-occupied portion.
1941 May 24 Hood faces Bismark in the North Atlantic.  Hood vaporizes and sinks in about 2.5 minutes. Three men survive out of 1,418.
1942 The Manhattan Project begins.  Its object is to build the first nuclear weapon.
1942 Coconut Grove Nightclub fire in Boston.
1942 James Doolittle commands the first US bombing raid against Tokyo, leading more than half of his 80 men home safely and earning the Congressional Medal of Honor for extraordinary heroism.
1942 January 30 Japanese troops land on Ambon.
1942 January 31 Ambon falls to the Japanese in 24 hours.
1942 July 4 The Flying Tigers (AVG) are disbanded.  They have fought for only eight months.
1942 December 2 Physicist Enrico Fermi directs the first controlled nuclear chain reaction on a basement squash court at the University of Chicago.
1942 February 15 Singapore falls to the Japanese.
1942 June 4 The Japanese are defeated in the battle of Midway.
1942 March 15 Sunday 8:00 PM Chaumont Devin is born at sea in the Pacific Ocean.
1942 March 22 Chinault orders the evacuation of the Flying Tiger squadron at Magwi, in Burma.
1942 March 8 Dutch General Ter Poorten surrenders all Dutch forces in Asia to the Japanese.
1942 March 8 The Japanese take Rangoon.
1943 January 16 1st U.S. air raid on Ambon.
1943 August 1 PT109 is one of 15 PT boats sent out from Rendova Harbor.  Only 4 of these have radar, and PT109 is not one of them.
1943 August 2 <>2:30 AM John F. Kennedy's patrol boat, PT109, is rammed by Japanese destroyer Amagiri in the Solomon Islands.  At the time, he is 26 years old, and a lieutenant.
1943 February 15 Allied air raid hits Tamtui women's prison camp on Ambon.
1943 April John F. Kennedy takes command of a battered PT109 at Tulagi, Solomon Islands.
1944 June 19 Battle of the Philippine Sea.
1944 September 15 At 8:30 am the US 31st Division lands on the southwest corner of Morotai Island, on the Gila peninsula. There is little opposition from the Japanese, but the terrain is terrible. The entire peninsula is occupied by the end of the day.
1944 The Serviceman's Readjustment Act (the GI Bill) creates a mortgage program that helps returning WW2 veterans buy homes.
1944 August 28 U.S. air raid on Ambon.
1944 June 17 Iceland formally becomes a republic.
1944 Theodore Von Carmen founds the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
1944 Cecil Philipps finds an indicator that enables him to decode Soviet messages coded in groupings of five digits.
1944 June 15 The Americans invade Saipan.
1945 November (early November) Allied forces reoccupy Ternate with the intention of returning it to Dutch control.
1945 April 30 Adolf Hitler commits suicide.
1945 August 17 The "Republik Indonesia" declares independence in Jakarta.
1945 August 6 The US explodes a nuclear fission device over Hiroshima.
1945 August 9 The US explodes a nuclear fission device over Nagasaki.
1945 July 16 At 5:29:45 AM Mountain Time, the Us explodes the world's first atomic bomb at Trinity, New Mexico.
1945 July On a foggy Saturday morning, a B25 bomber flies into the 78th and 79th floors of the Empire State Building.  A supporting steel post and beam are severely damaged, but the structural integrity of the skyscraper is not threatened.
1945 September With the assistance of the Australian Army, officials of the Netherlands Indies Civil Administration re-establish Dutch control over Ambon.
1946 Brunswick Navigation of Southport, Carolina, hires ex-fighter pilot Hall Waters as first menhaden fish spotter pilot.
1946 Two B17 bombers, with no humans aboard, fly from Hawaii to California.  These are entirely radio controlled by pilots on the ground.
1947 Hungarian physicist Dennis Gabor invents holography.
1947 Britain declares that it will withdraw from Palestine in the spring of 1948.  The United Nations produces a plan for the partition of Palestine.  Half the land between the Mediterranian and the Jordan would be awarded to a Jewish state.  The remainder would be alloted to the Palestinians.  Jerusalem would remain under UN control.  Jews accept this plan: Arabs reject it.
1947 Levitown, NY, provides mass-produced, inexpensive homes for returning GIs, and ushers in the age of the post WW2, car-dependent suburb.
1947 The Indian subcontinent is partitioned between India and Pakistan.
1947 Thor Heyerdahl and friends sail the Kon Tiki from Peru to a coral island near Tahiti.
1948 The two Koreas are declared persuant to an agreement between the US and the Soviet Union.
1948 August 15 South Korea becomes the "Republic of Korea."
1948 Bell Telephone Laboratories produces the transistor.
1948 May 14 Israel declares independence, offering itself as a haven from antiSemitism.  The governments of Iraq, Jordan, Egypt, Syria, and Lebanon mobilize for war.  Israel quickly gains the upper hand, seizing even more of Palestine than the partition plan had prescribed.
1948 May Britain withdraws from Palestine.
1948 September 9 North Korea becomes the "Democratic People's Republic of Korea."
1948 Sri Lanka gains independence from Great Britain.
1949 August 23 The "Round Table" conference on Indonesia is opened at Den Haag.
1949 January The Arab-Israeli war ends with Israel controlling 78% of Palestine.  750 thousand Palestinians become refugees.  Jordan annexes the old city of Jerusalem and the West Bank.  Egypt occupies the Gaza Strip.
1949 Political coup in Syria.
1949 The "People's Republic of China" gains control of mainland China.
1949 The Academia Sinica flees to Taiwan, taking with it 13 thousand crates, including the bulk of China's archeological treasures.
1949 The US Congress authorizes federal loans for cities to redevelop blighted urban areas.  Urban renewal raises slums and stable low-income ethnic neighborhoods.  The net effect is a loss of affordable housing.
1949 August 29 The Russians explode a copy of the American atom bomb.
1950 November 25 Some 300 thousand Chinese troops have entered the field in support of North Korea.
1950 November 27 Communist Chinese forces surround UN forces.
1950 October 25 Communist Chinese forces begin their offensive in Korea.
1950 October 29 UN forces land at Iwan, Korea.
1950 December 5 Onset of the Great Smog of London.  A thick cloud of polluted air persists for five days killing 4 thousand people and asphyxiating cattle at the Smithsfield Market.
1950 s-1960s The US identifies dozens of viral and bacterial agents that can be weaponized, testing them on animals and humans.
1950 September 27 UN forces recapture Seoul.
1950 November 29 UN forces withdraw under Chinese attack.
1950 Allen Turing predicts that computers will match wits with humans by the end of the 20th century.
1950 April 25 The "Republik Maluku Selatan" declares independence from the "Republik Indonesia" in Ambon
1950 April 25 Ambon proclaims RMS (Republik Maluku Selatan).
1950 August 17 The Republic of Indonesia betrays non-Javanese by abolishing the United States of Indonesia in favor of a centralized government.
1950 October 1 South Korean forces cross the 38th parallel into North Korea.
1950 October 3 Indonesian army opens assault on Ambon, South Moluccas.
1950 November Moluccan forces evacuate Ambon and flee to Seram.
1950 September 28 The Indonesians land 6 thousand troops at various places on eastern Ambon.  Their advance on Amboina is stopped by 500 Moluccans in a fierce battle at WAITATIRI Stream.
1950 December 25 Communist Chinese forces cross the 38th parallel into South Korea.
1950 October 9 The US 8th Army crosses the 38th parallel into North Korea.
1950 October 26 South Korean forces reach the Yalu River.
1950 Grand Titon National Park is created.
1950 There are four people for every car in the US.
1950 July 14 The Indonesians land 1,800 men on Buru.  The Moluccans defeat them, but Sergeant LESTELUHU is captured and taken away aboard the "Pattiunus".
1950 October 26 UN forces land at Won San, Korea.
1950 July 17 The Indonesians land 3 thousand troops on Buru.  These succeed in taking Namlea after 2,250 of them lay dead.
1950 December 5 Communist forces recapture Pyongyang, capital of North Korea.
1950 October US army paratroopers land near the Chinese border in North Korea.
1950 July 13 The Indonesians land 1 thousand men on Buru.  They are defeated by Moluccans under Sergeant LESTALUHU and CORPUTTY.
1950 s and 1960s, Air conditioning and Television become standard amenities of new, middle-class American homes, providing comfortable entertainment at home rather than in public places.  Exploiting White fears of racial integration and urban unrest, land speculators engage in "blockbusting," buying city homes at low prices, then selling them to Black families at inflated prices.
1950 s doctors began replacing missing esophaguses with sections of colon in cases of esophageal atresia.  A high incidence of esophageal cancer is associated with this technique.
1950 November 20 UN forces reach the Yalu River.
1950 July US ground troops join South Korean forces fighting near Osan.
1950 June 25 North Korea stages a surprise invasion of the south.
1950 September 15 UN troops commanded by Douglas McArthur make an amphibious landing at Inchon, Korea.
1950 September 16 UN forces break out of the Pusan Perimeter.
1950 September 28 The Indonesians land 2 thousand men at Hitu Lama. They are stopped by 200 Moluccans at TELAGA KODOK.
1950 December 31 North Korean and Communist Chinese troops muster more than half a million men for a second invasion of South Korea.
1950 June 3 The Indonesians take Dobo.
1950 October 19 UN troops take Pyongyang, capital of North Korea.
1950 June Yuri Zakarov orders the Cohens (Soviet spies) out of New York.
1950 November 4 Indonesian troops reconquer Ambonese capital Ambon.
1950 January Moluccan soldiers clash with Pemuda Nasional men in Ambon.
1950 The "Republic of Indonesia" becomes a member of the United Nations.
1951 Libya gains independence from Italy.
1951 March 14 UN forces recapture Seoul.
1951 Rufurd Billingham reports that cortesone can prolong the survival of skin grafts in rabbits.
1951 The New Jersey Turnpike opens.
1951 A theramins wail announces aliens in "The Day The Earth Stood Still."
1951 April Truman recalls McArthur.
1951 January 4 Communist Chinese forces capture Seoul.
1951 January Rosalyn Franklin arrives at Kings College from Paris.
1951 July 10 Truce talks begin but fighting continues in Korea.
1952 The United Kingdom tests its first nuclear weapon.
1952 Italy returns eritrea to Etheopia.
1952 Revolution in Egypt.
1952 September 2 University of Minnesota surgeons Walton Lilehey and John Lewis repair a hole in the heart of a 5-year-old girl.  This is the world's first open-heart operation.
1953 November 21 The Natural History Museum in London announces that Piltdown Man is a hoax combination of an orangutan jaw and human skull.
1953 Political coup in Iran.
1953 The US air force Thunderbird team is set up.
1953 Flying an F86 Saber Jet, Jacquelin Cockrin becomes the first woman to break the sound barrier.
1953 General Mohammed Daud becomes prime minister of Afghanistan.  US declines to help him, so he turns to USSR for economic and military aid.
1953 January 1/3 of the Netherlands is inundated.  Over 18 thousand people are drowned.
1953 July 27 Representatives of the UN, North Korea, and China sign an armistice agreement at Panmunjom.  South Korea does not sign.
1953 April 25 Nature publishes Watson and Crick and Rosalyn Franklin's results.
1953 April 25 Using the work of Rosalyn Franklin, upper middle-class Jewish researcher, Watson and Crick announce the discovery of DNA without giving her credit.
1953 February 28 Saturday Watson and Crick know they have discovered the structure of DNA. This discovery is based on Photo 51, which has been smuggled to them from the archives of Rosalyn Franklin by Maurice Wilkins.  Photo 51 is of the B form of DNA.  The other form is the A form.
1953 May 29 Tensing Norgay and Sir Edmund Hilary conquer Mt. Everest.
1954 February 28 The US sets off a 15 megaton nuclear device on Bikini Atoll.  codenamed "Castle/Bravo," This is the largest nuclear weapon ever detonated by the United States.
1954 Political coup in Syria.
1954 The US Supreme Court decision in Brown versus Board of Education, in Topeka, is the first in a series of judicial and legislative acts that outlaws racial segregation in schools, housing, and public transportation.
1955 Hurricane Janet destroys 75% of Granada's nutmeg trees.  This constitutes 40% of the world nutmeg supply.
1955 The low glass buildings of the General Motors Technical Center in Warren, Michigan, are completed, heralding the age of the modern suburban office park.
1956 Morocco gains independence from France.
1956 Spanish Morocco passes to Morocco.
1956 America's first enclosed shopping mall opens near Minneapolis.
1956 March 19 Captain TUANKOTTA leaves Seram for New Guinea on an RMS expedition.  This is the first such expedition to New Guinea.
1956 May 2 Lieutenant Colonel KALOSINA leaves Seram on an RMS expedition to New Guinea.  This is the second such expedition.
1956 Tunisia gains independence from France.
1956 The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan gains independence.
1956 The Federal Aid Highway Act authorizes construction of a 41 thousand mile interstate highway system, with the federal government paying 90% of the cost.
1957 March 2 Colonel VENCE SUMUAL organizes the PERMESTA (Perlawanan Rakyat Semesta) in Sulawesi.
1957 October 4 The Soviet Union launches a ball-shaped satellite called Sputnik.  It is the first artificial object to orbit the earth.
1957 The Gold Coast gains independence from Britain.
1957-1958 Asian flu epidemic.
1958 Civil war in Lebanon.
1958 May 1 Ambon bombed.
1958 Political coup in Iraq.
1958 The Chinese Academy of Sciences reestablishes the An Yang archeological work station.
1958 April 16 Rosalyn Crick dies of stomach cancer.
1959 February The Indonesian air force bombs Tala, Amasona, Tamabinga, Telepe and Kalimati, in Seram.
1959 A multinational treaty dedicates Antarctica to peaceful use and the free exchange of scientific information.
1959 Hawaii becomes one of the United States.
1959 An American survey reveals that spices, in whatever form, have become the fastest-growing grocery item.
1959 October The RMS takes control of Piru, on Seram.
1959 San Francisco residents pressure city officials into halting several planned highways.  News of this "Freeway Revolt" mobilizes activists elsewhere.
1960 France tests its first nuclear weapon.
1960 French Equatorial Africa gains independence.
1960 French West Africa gains independence.
1960 The laser is developed.
1960 January RMS guerrillas attack the airport at Laha and the Haria garrison on Saparua.
1960 Madagascar gains independence from France.
1960 Somalia gains independence.  British Somaliland in the north is united with Italian-controlled Somalia in the south to become the Somali Republic.
1960 The Belgian Congo gains independence.
1960 May The largest earthquake ever recorded strikes the coast of Chile.  It measures 9.5 on the Richter scale.
1960 Togoland gains independence from France.
1960 s Media coverage of race riots in Newark, Detroit, Los Angeles, and elsewhere frighten many White Americans, convincing them that cities are unstable and dangerous.
1960 Nigeria gains independence from Britain.
1960 April 9 The RMS asks Katanga for assistance.
1960 Cameroon gains independence from France.
1960 January 22 The RMS proclaims solidarity with the Permesta movement in Sulawesi.
1960 Political coup in Turkey.
1961 August The Indonesians begin to enter the interior of Seram.
1961 November 16 Friday Michael Rockefeller swims for shore off New Guinea and disappears forever.
1961 October 5 The RMS warns that 32 Indonesian battalions are being prepared to enter Seram in order to wage all-out war against the RMS.
1961 Political coup in Syria.
1961 The Kurds rebel against Iraq.  This rebellion lasts until 1975.
1961-1963 Pakistan closes its Afghan border to discourage Pashtun efforts toward political reunification with their fellows in Afghanistan.
1961 - 1962 Nuclear testing peaks with a total of 340 megatons detonated in the atmosphere by the United States and Soviet Union.
1961 Sierra Leone gains independence from Britain.
1961 Tanganyika gains independence from Britain.
1961 April 8 The Indonesians initiate fresh attacks in Seram.
1961 April 9 George Blake confesses to spying for the Soviet Union.
1962 October U2 aircraft take pictures of Russians building missile sites in Cuba.
1962 Political coup in Yemen.
1962 Uganda gains independence from Britain.
1962 Ruanda-Urundi gains independence from Belgium.
1962 The first holograms recording 3D objects are made using laser technology.
1962 Algeria gains independence from France.
1962 Civil war in Yemen.  Egypt sends troops.  War lasts until 1970.
1962 The Soviets set off the world's largest nuclear detonation, with a yield of 58 megatons.
1962 February 20 John Glen orbits the earth.  This is the first US manned orbital space flight.
1962 James Watson, Francis Crick, and Maurice Wilkins receive the Nobel prize for discovering DNA.
1962 July 10 The Telstar I sattelite is launched.  It makes possible the first live transatlantic television transmissions.
1962 September The US detonates a 1.4-megaton nuclear device 250 miles above Johnson Island.  The burst produces an artificial belt of charged particles trapped in the earth's magnetic field.
1962 March 26 Captain WALANGTIAN leaves Seram for New Guinea on an RMS expedition.  This is the third such expedition to New Guinea.
1962 The Cuban missile crisis brings the world to the brink of nuclear war.
1963 December 2 Dr. Soumokil is transported to CIPINANG Prison in Java.
1963 Kenya gains independence from Britain.
1963 Mt.  Agung erupts on Bali.
1963 Political coup in Iraq.
1963 October 19 Two of Soumokil's close associates are captured byt he Republic of Indonesia.
1963 Political coup in Syria.
1963 Zanzibar gains independence from Britain.
1963 A limited nuclear test ban treaty ends atmospheric testing for the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union.
1963 Daud is forced to resign as prime minister of Afghanistan after border disputes with Pakistan.
1963 November 22 <> 1:30PM EST John F. Kennedy is assassinated in Dallas.
1963 Rebellion in Yemen.
1963 The Glen Canyon Dam is completed.
1963 The US, the UK, and the USSR sign a treaty ending above-ground nuclear tests.
1964 Northern Rhodesia gains independence from Britain.
1964 Nyasaland (Malawai) gains independence from Britain.
1964 Somalia attempts to occupy Ethiopia's Ogaden area, home to an ethnic Somali majority.  Conflict lasts until 1988.
1964 Afghanistan adopts a constitution providing for a democratic government, but King Zahir Syah and the legislature fail to agree on reforms.
1964 The Dofas rebel in Oman.  Rebellion lasts till 1975.
1964 China tests its first nuclear weapon.
1965 Gordon More, first president of Intel, predicts that transistor density on computer chips will double every year.  This prediction, later called "More's law," was subsequently refined to "every 18 months."
1965 Southern Rhodesia gains independence from Britain.
1965 February Abdul Kahar Muzakkar is killed by a sniper's bullet while bathing in a jungle stream.
1965 Gambia gains independence from Britain.
1966 November 4 Venice is inundated for 15 hours.
1966 Political coup in Syria.
1966 Basutoland (Lesotho) gains independence from Britain.
1966 The Chinese Cultural Revolution bans archeological publishing and forces the An Yang Archeological Work Station to be shut down.  Archeologists are attacked as proponents of "feudal days."  Chang Mung Ja, one of the century's most brilliant oracle-bone scholars, hangs himself in a Beijing courtyard.
1966 Beach Boys "Good Vibrations" includes the electro-theramin.
1966 April 12 Moluccan patriot Dr. Christian Robert Steven Soumokil is sentenced to death in Jakarta.  He is 60 years old.
1966 Bechuanaland gains independence from Britain.
1967 January 27 Virgil (Gus) Grissom, Edward White, and Roger Chaffey are burned to death in their space capsul.
1967 The UN passes resolution 242, calling for Israel to withdraw from occupied territory in exchange for peace.
1967 Treasure hunters take apart the Espiritu Santo, off Padre Island, destroying vital historical clues.
1967 July The Indonesian army captures Moluccan patriot Major F. PARERA and Sergeant A. AKERINA and their men behind Rombatu Village.
1967 June 5 During the Six-Day War, Israeli forces speedily overrun Gaza and sweep across the West Bank, annexing Jerusalem and establishing a new frontier on the Jordan River.
1967 Psychologist Roger Fouts(?) teaches Chimpanzees to use American sign language.
1967 The Kurds rebel against Iran.
1967 The galias "Hirona" is found off Northern Ireland.  It was sunk in 1588 in the Spanish Armada.
1968 Swaziland gains independence from Britain.
1968 The Fair Housing Act prohibits discrimination in housing and lending.
1968 The Kurdish rebellion continues in Iran.
1968-1969 Hongkong flu epidemic.
1968 James Watson mentions Rosalyn Franklin in his "Double Helix."
1968 January 21 North Korean forces fail in an attempt to assassinate the South Korean president in the "Blu House Raid."
1968 December 21 Apollo 8 is launched.  Its passengers become the first astronauts to orbit the moon.
1968 Fifty-nine non-nuclear nations join the US, the UK, and the USSR in a nuclear non-proliferation treaty.
1968 Mauritius gains independence.
1968 December 21 Apollo VIII blasts off for a trip around the moon.
1968 January 23 The North Korean navy seizes the USS "Pueblo."
1968 Spanish Guinea gains independence.
1968 February 24 Joselyn Bell Burnell and Anthoney Hewish of Cambridge University announce the discovery of pulsars.  These objects are later identified as spinning newtron stars.
1968 October More than 100 North Korean commandos begin to land in South Korea.  Their mission is to incite guerilla warfare.
1968 Mauritius gains independence from Britain.
1968 Political coup in Iraq.
1969 President Nixon orders a halt to biological weapons testing.
1969 President Siad Baree seizes power in Somalia and outlaws clans.
1969? Bell Labs and Philips Electronics independently invent versions of charged-couple devices (CCD).  These produce much better images than those obtained using other kinds of solid-state sensors.
1969 Ifni passes from Spain to Morocco.
1969 July 16 Apollo XI blasts off for the moon.  Niel Armstrong is the first to step on the moon.
1970 Political coup in Syria.
1970 s An asian Muflan lamb is born to a domestic wool sheep, demonstrating the principle of interspecies surrogacy.
1970 A fire breaks out at 1 New York Plaza, a 50-story office tower in lower Manhattan.  It affects only two floors.  The heat from the burning 33rd floor automatically summons an elevator, and when the doors open, the unsuspecting occupants of the cab are suddenly exposed to intense heat and flames.  Two men die.  Heat-sensitive call buttons are discontinued shortly afterward.
1970 Civil war in Jordan lasts until 1971.
1970 s More Americans live in suburbs than in cities.  Those who both live and work in the suburbs outnumber by 2 to 1 suburbanites who commute to jobs in cities.  The Clean Air Act and the Clean Water Act force cities to clean up their own back yards.
1971 Iran occupies islands claimed by the United Arab Emirates.
1971 Political coup in Turkey.
1971 A female scientist is infected with smallpox during nighttime reaserch on the Aral Sea downwind of an island where weaponized smallpox was being developed.
1972 The US launches Pioneer 10 for Jupiter.
1972 Biological and toxic weapons conference is held.  The lying Soviets ratchet up their biological weapons program, employing 60 thousand people.
1972 June 14 The Environmental Protection Agency bans the use of DDT as an insecticide.
1972 Excavation begins on the San Esteban, off Padre Island, Texas.  Work continues until 1975.
1972 The US, the USSR, and more than 100 other nations sign the Biological Weapons Convention.  The US continues defensive research, and the Soviets violate the pact.
1972 The Vergolda Drake is excavated off Australia.
1972 Over 2 thousand finely-wrought gold ornaments of Varna are discovered on the Black Sea coast.  These ornaments date from before 4 thousand BC.
1972 The US and USSR sign the Anti Balistic Missile Treaty.
1972 Wild fires threaten Moscow.  1,100 Siberian "smoke jumpers" fly in to save the day.
1973 Daud seizes power in a coup, and declares Afghanistan a republic.  His reforms alienate Communist factions.
1973 Oregon enacts legislation that requires its 240 cities to establish "urban growth boundaries" to control suburban sprawl.
1973 The US launches Pioneer 11.
1973 In Afghanistan, Zair Shah is overthrown by his cousin, Daud, ending a decade of democrasy.
1973 May 14 The US launches Skylab--first American manned orbiting space station.
1973 The Arab Oil Embargo drastically, though temporarily, raises the economic costs of the American car culture.
1974 May 2 The Metikei leaves Singapore.
1974 November A North Korean tunnel is discovered at Panmunjom.
1974 Portuguese Guinea gains independence.
1974 The terra cotta army of Emperor Chin Chu (Shi) Wang (Huang) Di is discovered near Shian, China, by farmers digging a well.  He is first emperor of China, and first emperor of the Chin dynasty.
1974 April The US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency initiates a National Academy of Sciences study of the long-term worldwide effects of multiple nuclear weapons detonations.  The results are appalling.
1974 August 9 Richard Nixon resigns the US presidency.
1974 India (not party to the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty) tests its first nuclear weapon.
1974 The Greeks pull off a coup, and the Turks invade.  Cypress is partitioned between the Greeks and the Turks--Greeks in the south, and Turks in the north.
1975 Kamaros gains independence from France.
1975 Mozambique gains independence from Portugal.
1975 Civil war in Lebanon, lasts until 1990.
1975 Cape Verde gains independence from Portugal.
1975 Angola gains independence from Portugal.
1975 Sao Tome and Prinsipi gain independence from Portugal.
1976 Jimmy Page plays theramin in a Lead Zeppelin concert film
1976 Pius Mau Pialug navigates the Hokule'a from Hawai'i to Tahiti.
1976 The Chinese excavate Lady Hau's tomb.  She is the consort of the 21st Shang king.  They uncover 195 bronze vessels, weighing a total of more than 3,500 pounds.  Over 100 of these are marked with Lady Hau's name. 271 weapons, tools, small bronzes, 755 jade objects, 16 human skeletons, and six dogs were also unearthed.
1976 The Seychelles gain independence from Britain.
1976 Chairman Mao Tse Tung dies.  His body is placed in an enormous mausoleum on Tien En Mun Square.
1977 French Somaliland gains independence.
1977 October 26 The last recorded case of naturally acquired smallpox occurs in Somalia.
1977 February 11 The largest lobster ever found is trapped off Nova Skotia, Canada.  It is an American lobster weighing 44lb 6oz and measuring 3' 6" in length from the end of the tail fan to the tip of the large claw.
1977 The conservative Likud party gains power in Israel.  A settlement drive goes into high gear.
1977 June 11 Moluccan patriots MAX PAPILAYA, HANSINA OKTUISEJA, RONNIE LUMALESIL, GEORGE MATULESSY, MINGGUS RUMAHPORRY, and MATEUS TUNY all die in a train hijacking at Assen, Netherlands.
1977 February 19 John Coreless and John Elmond discover clams, worms, and crabs around deep-sea hydrothermal vents in the Pacific Ocean.
1978 Mohammed Tarachi takes power in a pro-Soviet coup led by Hafezullah Amin.  Daud is assassinated.
1978 The International Ultraviolet Explorer orbiting observatory is launched.  In over 18 years, it generates over 100 thousand images of stars and gas in distant galaxies.
1978 Camp David 1.  At Camp David, Maryland, US President Jimmy Carter brings together Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Manacham Bagan to forge the first peace treaty ever between Arabs and Israelis.  Israel returns the Sinai to Egypt.
1978 Spearfishermen rediscover the "Rapid," off western Australia.  Archeologists haul up some 20 thousand silver dollars.
1978 Summer In Afghanistan there is a popular uprising against the Communist  "People's Democratic Party" which grabbed power in a coup d'etat some months earlier.
1978 Israel invades Lebanon.
1979 December 27 The Soviets invade Afghanistan.
1979 Morocco occupies the Spanish Sahara.
1979 Anthrax spores accidentally released in the USSR kill at least 68 people.
1979 -pound cyclist Brian Allen peddles Paul McCreaty's Gossamer Albatross across the English Channel from Folkstone, England, to Cop Grine, France.
1979 The Soviets invade Afghanistan.  Tarachi is assassinated and replaced as prime minister by Amin.  Amin is killed in a coup backed by Soviet troops, who install Babrak Karmal.  Rebel Mujahaddin fighters explode into guerilla war.
1979 The Kurds rebel against Iran.
1979 Revolution in Iran.
1980 The "Santa Margarita" is found off the Florida Keys.
1980 Political coup in Turkey.
1980 The "Chronon" is discovered in the Baltic.
1980 May South Korean government troops kill hundreds or maybe thousands of people protesting martial law at Gwangju.
1980 The Kurds rebel once more against Iraq.  This rebellion lasts until 1991.
1980 Mujahaddin fighting escalates in Afghanistan.  The US, Pakistan, China, Egypt, Iran, and Saudi Arabia funnel money and arms to the rebels.
1980 US office space in suburbs surpasses that in downtowns.
1980 Iraq invades Iran, starting a war that lasts until 1988.
1980 September Mt. Gamalama erupts on Ternate.  30 thousand of the islands 56 thousand residents were forced to temporarily flee to nearby Tidore.
1980 Smallpox is officially irradicated.
1980 Black and Decker markets its hand-held Dust Buster vacuum cleaner.
1981 Microsoft introduces MS_DOS.
1981 June The US Centers for Disease Control (CDC) warns of a disease that turns out to be AIDS.
1981 October 6 Anwar Sadat is assassinated.
1982 Rebellion in Syria.
1982 Israel invades Lebanon.
1982 The Israelis deploy an unmanned aircraft that targets enemies.
1982 The minority Alawid Moslem rulers of Syria put down a Suni uprising.  They level the city of Hamah, killing about 20 thousand people.
1983 The Russians measure the lowest temperature ever recorded on earth, -129 degrees F, at their Vostok station in Antarctica.
1983 Barbara Maclintok wins a Nobel prize for discovering that some genes can jump around on chromosomes.
1983 Psychologist Sarah Boysen teaches Chimpanzees at Ohio State University to do simple arithmetic.
1983-1988 Chemical weapons are used extensively in the Iran-Iraq war.  Thousands die.
1984 Robert Nois, coinventor of the integrated circuit, suggests that the connections within brains should be studied, then modelled using electronic systems to build computers.
1984 A cult poisons a salad bar near Portland, Oregon.  The Bagwan Shri Rajnish.  The Rajnishis wanted to take over local government.  The agent was slammanela.  751 people got sick.
1984 The Kurds rebel against the Turks.
1984 April Dr. Robert Gallo of the National Cancer Institute at NIH announces that his team of scientists has isolated HIV and developed a blood test for it.
1984 The "Wida" is found off Cape Cod.
1985 Several Afghan rebel groups join forces to fight the Soviets.  Many Afghan civilians flee their homes.
1985 The "Geldermauzin" is found off Malaysia.
1985 fall, someone gets a vial of Salmanela from the Rashnish medical facility.
1986 Civil war in Yemen.
1986 Bahrein - Katar Islands dispute.
1986 Najib Ullah replaces Karmal as head of Afghan government.  Us arms the mujahaddin with stinger missiles.
1987 FDA approves Prozak for depression.
1987 First antiretroviral AIDS drug, azydothymadine (AZT) is approved for use in the US.
1987 Gold coins are found in the wreckage of the "Central America."
1987 Paul McCreaty and his team build a bizarre-looking solar-powered car called the "Sun Racer," which wins a 1,867-mile race across Australia against 22 other solar-powered cars.
1987 Palestinian uprising (inti fada) in Israel.  Lasts until 1993.
1987 South Korea establishes a democrasy.
1987 February 23 SN19E7A appears.  It is the brightest supernova seen from Earth in nearly 400 years.
1987 September 16 The Montreal Protocol is signed.  It phases out production of chlorofluorocarbons, the main chemicals blamed for the depletion of Earth's protective ozone layer.
1987 The "Concepsion" is discovered.
1988 Sadam attacks the Kurds with gas.  Perhaps 7 thousand people die.  Four million people may have been affected.  The city was Al Abja.
1988 the UNCEP-South Pacific passes a resolution against mining on small tropical islands.
1988 A large fire destroys 4 floors of a 62-story downtown Los Angeles office building.  One person dies.  As a result, the city requires sprinklers, pumps, and stand pipes in all buildings higher than 75 feet.
1988 Afghanistan, Pakistan, USSR, and the US sign a peace accord over Afghanistan.  Soviet troops begin to withdraw.
1988 Iraq kills 5 thousand Kurds with mustard gas and other chemicals dropped on the town of Halabja.
1989 March 23 Ponds and Flashman announce their water cell that produces more heat than the energy put into it.
1989 March 23? The Xon Valdez runs aground in Crudo Bay, Alaska.
1989 The 586 square mile Hanford site in Washington state is closed.  By this time it has produced about 59 tons of bomb-grade plutonium.
1989 The last Soviet soldier leaves Afghanistan.  The Mujahaddin continue to fight Najib Ullah.
1989 Russian germ warfare expert defects to Britain, where he reveals the existence of Soviet bio-weapons labs researching anthrax, ebola, smallpox, and plague.
1990 Iraq invades Kuweit.
1990 Paul McCreaty and his team release the prototype for the battery-powered Saturn Impact automobile.
1990 Afghan refugee number peaks at 6.2 million.
1990 Southwest Africa gains independence from South Africa.
1990 The number of people in the US for every car is 2.
1991 The Philippine senate votes to shut down American bases.
1991 The UN orders Iraq to destroy all weapons and related technology, then begins inspections.
1991 The US Congress grants localities more flexibility in using federal highway dollars for mass transit and other non-highway transportation.
1991 The US starts a non-proliferation aid program in the former USSR.
1991 September 19 A 5,300 year old man is found frozen in the Alps.  He is called "Utsi."
1991 September 13 The Cincinati zoo's 11-year-old Sumatran rhino, Emmy, gives birth to Andalas, a 72-pound calf.  He is the first of his species conceived and born in captivity since 1889.
1991 The Shiites rebel against the government of Iraq.
1991 February 23 Fire breaks out on the 22nd floor of One Meridian Plaza, near Philadelphia's city hall.  It burns out of control for more than 19 hours, and three firefighters die of smoke inhalation.  It is the worst highrise fire in US history thus far.
1991 US-led coalition forces oust Iraqis from Kuweit.
1991 early) Clan-based militias drive Siad Baree from power after 21 years rule in Somalia.
1991 China changes its antiquities law, allowing foreign scientists not only to observe, but also to participate in excavations.
1991 Somaliland breaks away from Somalia in the north.  Puntland sets up a government in the northeast, but does not claim independence.
1991 Militant islamists (Al Itahad) take control of part of southwestern Somalia, but are routed when Ethiopian troops cross the border.  Conflict lasts until 1997.
1991 The Turks attack Kurds in Iraq.  These attacks continue through 2001.
1991 Psychologist Sarah Boysen teaches Chimpanzees how to use fractions.
1991 The Soviet Union dissolves.
1991 The San Diego is found off Luzon.  It holds more than 800 pieces of ming porcelain.
1991 FDA approves Zoloft for depression.
1992 Severe fires occur around Moscow.
1992 Iran occupies islands claimed by the United Arab Emirates.
1992 Hurricane Andrew slams into Florida.
1992 FDA approves Paxal for depression.
1992 Mauritius becomes a republic within the British Commonwealth.
1992 The US and UN intervene in Somalia after 100 thousand people starve.
1992 Ahmad Shah Massoud takes Kabul from the Afghan Communists.
1992 Allobeck, head of Soviet biological weapons program defects.  US officials could not believe him.
1992 The US announces a moratorium on nuclear tests.
1992 The UN Earth Summit in Rio adopts Agenda 21 laying a responsibility on all governments to protect global biodiversity.
1992 Najib Ullah yields power to the Mujahaddin when Kabul falls.  Rabani, an ethnic Tajik, is proclaimed president.  Rival factions continue to fight.
1993 Oslow1.  Meeting secretly in Norway, Yitzak Rabin and Yasir Arafat agree to a 5-year program of phased Israeli withdrawel leading to the creation of a Palestinian state.  In return, the PLO will recognize Israel's right to exist.  The first moves by Israel to alleviate, at least partially, the effects of Israeli occuppation of Arab lands follows.
1993 The ozone hole over Antarctica reaches its worst.
1993 Apr 20 The Branch Davidian compound in Wayco, Texas, is burned.
1993 Brown and Dari Shalon build a DNA micro-array.  This research tool becomes the heart of genetic research.
1993 Czechoslovakia splits into Slovakia and the Czech Republic.
1993 The US federal "Hope 6" program funds the redevelopment of old public housing projects, such as Chicago's Cabrini Green, into mixed income, mixed use communities.
1993 Eritrea gains independence from Ethiopia.
1993 Leon Theramin dies in Moscow at the age of 97.
1993 October 3 The US military attempts to capture Mohammed Aidid in South Mogodishu.  A Blackhawk helicopter is downed.  18 Americans and perhaps 1 thousand Somalis die in the fighting that breaks out between the Habragadir and the Americans.
1994 A Jewish settler massacres 29 Moslems at prayer in Hebron.
1994 Jordan makes peace with Israel.
1994 Hamza defects.  He was head of Iraqi atomic weapons research.
1994 Civil war in Yemen.
1994 Rabani's power struggle with Hekmatyar rekindles civil war in Afghanistan.  Taliban forces capture Kandahar.
1994 AIDS becomes the leading cause of death for people in the US between the ages of 25 and 44.
1994 The US withdraws from Somalia.
1994 Brad Parkinson and a team of Stanford graduate students equip a Boeing 737 with GPS guidance gear.  It lands itself 110 times in a row.
1995 Oslow2.  Israel shifts 23% and later 40% of the West Bank to Palestinian control, but keeps right on building settlements in the region.
1995 May Clive Kosler and a group of shipwreck hunters discovers the Confederate submarine, Hunley, buried under three feet of silt outside Charlston Harbor, only 1 thousand feet from the spot where she ambushed the Husitanic.
1995 Religious cult releases serin nerve gas in Tokyo subway, killing 12.
1995 Nasa loses contact with Pioneer 11.
1995 An earthquake of magnitude 7.2 (the Kobe quake) kills 6,400 people and causes massive structural damage in Japan.
1995 November A Jewish zealot assassinates Yitzak Rabin at a peace rally.
1995 April 20 Timothy McVey and his associates blow up the federal building in ... to avenge deaths in the Branch Davidian compound at Wayco.
1996 - Luftschifftechnik resumes Zeppelin production
1996 An influx of conterfeit money floods Somalia.
1996 All Soviet nuclear weapons in Belarus, Khazakstan, and Ukrain are transferred to Russia.
1996 HIV cuts loose in Russia amid the chaos of a collapsing economy.  Unemployment shoots up, and with it, alcoholism and crime.  Drug dealers begin to create a heroin market.
1996 Taliban forces capture Kabul, depose Rabani, and execute Najib Ullah.
1996 Nasa administrator Dan Golden unveils the basic design for a single stage to orbit vehicle to replace the shuttle.
1996 Protease inhibiters appear in the West.  These suppress the ability of HIV to replicate, slowing the progress of the virus.
1997 A new convention calls for the destruction of stockpiled chemical weapons.
1997 jULY 5 sOJOURNER ROLLS OUT OF THE pATHFINDER LANDER ONTO THE aRES vALES.
1997 FDA approves FXor for depression.
1997 July 1 Hongkong reverts to China.
1997 The Dutch complete a set of steel gates designed to hold back the sea.
1998 November 20 The Russian Zarya (first module of the ISS) is launched into space.
1998 Citing lack of cooperation, the UN withdraws its weapons inspectors from Iraq.
1998 Deadly attacks on US embassies in Nairobi, Kenya, and Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania.
1998 First large-scale human trial of an AIDS vaccine begins with 5,400 North American and European volunteers.
1998 Major earthquakes hit northeastern Afghanistan.  The US fires missiles at Osama Bin Laden's training camps in retalliation for attacks on US embassies in Africa.
1998 Pakistan tests its first nuclear weapon.
1998 The Brazilian government begins to produce and distribute copies of brand-name aids drugs.
1998 Two research laboratories manage to isolate human embryonic stem (ES) cells.  These are Thompson et al and Shamblot et al.
1999 Gould et al discover that adult stem cells sometimes divide into neurons.
1999 The Kurds cease to rebel against the Turks?
1999 August In the heat of the night, a magnitude 7.4 earthquake strikes near Ismit, Turkey, on the North Anatolian Fault.  Nearly 20 thousand people die.
1999 June 15 North and South Korea clash at sea.
1999 An endangered African wildcat is born from a frozen embryo implanted in an ordinary house cat.
1999 September 20 Faye starts out on his Megatransect of Africa from Bomasa.
1999 Buru becomes a district.
1999 The UN imposes an air embargo and economic sanctions on the Taliban for providing sanctuary for Osama Bin Laden.
1999 The RQ4A Global Hawk becomes the first computer operated unmanned plane to fly itself across the Pacific 23 hours to Australia, where it lands itself dead on the center line.
1999 July 23 Nasa launches its Chandra xray observatory.
2000 August 5 Faye and his Megatransect are at Kongue Falls.
2000 Ariel Sharon visits the Al Axa Mosque / Temple Mount complex with Israeli police.  A palestinian uprising (inti fada) quickly follows.
2000 August The National Institutes of Health lifts the ban on stem-cell research.
2000 May Bill Clinton orders the intentional error in GPS signals be terminated.
2000 November 6 Tides flood 90% of Venice.
2000 June 13-15 An interKorean summit is held at Pyongyang.
2000 Israel withdraws from South Lebanon.
2000 Weisman discovers that purified hematopoietic stem cells can replenish the hematopoietic system of patients who have received bone-marrow depleting doses of radiation and chemotherapy.
2000 December 18 12:39 PM Faye and his Megatransect reach the Atlantic Ocean.
2000 August 8 The Confederate submarine, Hunley, is raised to the surface after being submerged for 136 years.
2000 Researchers discover that hematopoietic stem cells can divide into neurons in rats.
2000 September Israel tightens security over the West Bank.
2000 December Thousands of armed soldiers break up nonviolent protests inside 20 Turkish prisons, reportedly torturing and raping inmates.
2000 Nationwide, US voters approve 400 of 553 growth-related ballot measures.  Most promote "smart growth," which encourages pedestrian-friendly communities, a mix of housing types, and less dependence on the car.
2000 A foreign-backed "Transitional National Government" (TNG) tries to reunite Somalia.  Lacking popular support, it cannot even reunite Mogodishiu.
2000 African Americans are moving to the suburbs too.  From 1970 to 2000, the Black population in Maryland's Prince Georges County outside Washington DC jumps from 14% to 63%.
2001 - First Zeppelin passenger flight since Hindenburg
2001 Anthrax spores mailed via US postal system infect 23 persons, killing 5.
2001 October 24 John Hare leaves Kukawa, Niger, on his way north across the Sahara by camel.
2001 The Taliban destroy two giant statues of Buddha at Bomyaan dating from the 3rd and 5th centuries, calling them an affront to Islam.
2001 September 9 Suicide bombers posing as journalists assassinate anti-Taliban resistance leader Ahmad Syah Masud.
2001 Suburbs have almost two times more office space than city centers.  Much of this is located in "edge cities," residential and commercial centers along highway corridors outside older cities.
2001 September 11 Al Qaeda terrorists attack the World Trade Center and the Pentagon.  Thousands die.
2001 October 7 First night of bombing by US and British forces in Afghanistan.
2001 January Ehud Barach meets with Palestinians at Taba, Egypt.  A peace plan is nearly hammered out, but Israel refuses to give up its settlements.
2001 Three weeks after the September attacks on New York and Washington, DC, the US and Britain rain bombs and missiles upon Afghanistan targeting Bin Laden's training camps and the Taliban regime.
2001 September 11 Osama Bin Laden followers destroy the World Trade Center and part of the Pentagon.
2001 September 9 Afghan leader Ahmad Shah Massoud is assassinated by murderers sent by Osama Bin Laden.
2001 July 2 Robert Tools becomes the first recipient of the Obiocore artificial heart.  The device beats flawlessly more than 20 million times until his death from abdominal bleeding november 30, 2001.
2001 Summer Paul McCreaty and his team fly their "Helios," a solar powered aircraft, to an elevation of 96,863 feet.
2001 May 27 Abu Sayef terrorists raid Los Palmas and abduct 22 tourists for ransom.  They behead an American man.
2002 Steve Naive plays theramin on tour with Elvis Costello.
2002 December 26 11:15am First recorded human clone is born.
2002 April 1 The Chinese launch the Shun Jao III space capsule.  It carries a life-support system and dummy humans.
2002 June 29 Six perish in a sea battle between North and South Korea.
2002 May 22 Ballard and his team find what appear to be a torpedo and torpedo tube belonging to PT109.
2002 August 30 President Bongo signs decrees establishing thirteen nati9nal parks in Gabon.
2002 August NASA's twin turbo "Altos II" robot aircraft made 11 flights through heavy storms to measure electrical charges.
2002 March The Israeli army reoccupies many Palestinian-controlled areas, placing most under semipermanent curfew.
2002 June and July Paul McCreaty's Pathfinder Plus solar-powered flying wing successfully relayed test signals for HTTV, cellphones, and the Internet.
2002 April 21 Sunday Moslem bomb attack kills 14 at General Santos, Philippines.
2002 The US withdraws from the ABM treaty to persue the development of missile defense.
2002 September Pathfinder Plus spends half a day soaring above a coffee plantation in Hawaii.  It collects and transmits nearly 300 color images.
2002 Camp David II.  Yasir Arafat and Ehud Barach meet with Bill Clinton at Camp David.
2003 June 26 Helios (Paul McCretey's prototype robot flying wing) crashes into the Pacific.
2003 July Ternate has a population of 145,143.
2003 February 1 (morning) After 28 missions, the space shuttle, Comumbia, disintegrates in the skies over texas.
2003 May 21 Wednesday Joe Devin moves to Ocean View from Honolulu.
2003 January 23 Tracking stations pick up the last feeble transmission from Pioneer 10's Plutonium-powered radio transmitter.
2003 January 23 Tracking stations pick up the last feeble transmission from Pioneer 10's Plutonium-powered radio transmitter.
2004 July 4 Sunday    The Zeppelin NT (New Technology) leaves manufacturer    Luftschifftechnik's base in Friedrichshafen, southern Germany after its departure is delayed by bad weather.
-3500 People start using horses in northern Kazakhstan.
-11000 Giant lions go extinct in northern Europe and North America.