1653 Ternate erupts.
ers Banggai.
s thought to have been struck by 15-20 huge asteroids, each about 150 miles in diameter.  This surmise is derived from the study of lunar crators.
-210000000? A giant asteroid strikes Manakwagen, Canada, leaving the present ring-shaped lake.
-130,000,000? Flowers first appear on Earth.
-100,000,000? Flowering plants swiftly diversify in an explosion of varieties that establishes most of the flowering plant families of the modern world.
-33,000? Chauvee Cave Paintings are made in France.
-10,000? Dogs are domesticated in Israel and Iraq.
-7000? Goats are domesticated in Iran.  Pigs and sheep are domesticated in Northeast Syria and Southeast Turkey.
-6500? A set of eight copper beads found next to the wrist of a skeleton dated to this time in Megar, Pakistan, contains microscopic traces of several cotton fibers.  This may be the oldest known human use of cotton fibers.
-6000? Cats are domesticated in Northeast Africa.  Cattle are domesticated in Turkey.  Chickens are domesticated inSoutheast Asia.
-5000? to -3000? The neolithic Yang Shao culture flourishes in China.
-4500? to -3000? The neolithic Hong Shan culture flourishes in China.
-4000? Horses are domesticated on the Eurasian Steppe.
-3800? Sargon I is king of Agade (Assyria).
-3500? Donkeys are domesticated in North Africa.  Dromedaries and camels are domesticated in southern Arabia.  Baktrian camels are domesticated in South Asia.
-3300? to -2200? The neolithic Lian Ju culture flourishes in China.
-3000 ? The bronze age begins in southeastern Europe and the Near East.
-3000? Ducks are domesticated in Southeast Asia.
-3000? A ditch is dug around Stonehenge using antlers.
-2630? Imhotep builds the stepped pyramid at Sakara.
-2500? Guinea pigs are domesticated in the Andes.
-2478? Kufu begins construction on the great pyramid at Giza using some 2.3 million stone blocks weighing an average of 2.5 tons.  Standing 481 feet high, it is the tallest monument in the world until the 19th century.
-2323? Plotters murder King Teti.
-2200? Khammurabi is king of Assyria.
-2000? The bronze age begins in China.
-2000? The Shia bronze-age culture flourishes in China.
-2000? Austronesian speakers move into the northeastern Maluku area between Ternate and the New Guinea mainland.
-2000? The name, Abi-ramu (Abram), appears on Babylonian contracts of about this time.
-2000?  The Papyrus Rhind is a sort of mathematical handbook of the ancient Egyptians.  It was made in the time of the Hyksos Kings, but is a copy of an older book.  It is now preserved in the British Museum.
-1990? Mentuhoteb II reconquers Lower Egypt, reuniting Upper and Lower Egypt.
-1920? Joseph's brothers sell him to a spice caravan.
-1800? The Lapita culture arises in the Bismarck Archipelago.
-1800? The Indo-Europeans appear from somewhere north of the Black Sea, and take over Europe, including Micenian Greece.
-1700? Cloves were being used in an ordinary household kitchen in Syria (Mesopotamia).
-1631? Santa Irene explodes, destroying Minoan civilization.
-1600? to 1045? The Shang bronze-age culture flourishes on the Yellow River plain in China.  China's recorded history starts with the Shang.  Their writing is the earliest known script in East Asia.
-1500? The tribute lists of Tethmosis (Thothmes) III are written.
-1500? Crete is invaded.  The Cnossian palace is sacked and burned, and Cretan art suffers an irreparable blow.
-1500? Dhanwantari, the earliest known Hindu physician, practises medicine in India.
-1470? Hapshepsut seizes the Egyptian throne from her child stepson.
-1450? Joppa falls to Egyptian general Jehuti.  Thutmosa is Pharaoh.
-1348? Akhenaten bans worship of the traditional gods of Egypt and forms a new religion around Aten, the sun disk.
-1300? The Achaens enter Greece.  They find the land occupied by the Pelasgians, who continue to be the main element in the population down to classical times even in the states under Achaean and later under Dorian rule.
-1252? The ascendancy of Sidon ends and the hegemony of Tyre begins in Phoenecia.
-1200? The Chinese learn how to cast large bronzes.  This technology will not reach the Mediterranian for another thousand years.
-1189? Wu Ding, 21st Shang king, dies in China.
-1184 The Trojan War.  The Achaeans came into Greece three generations before this.
-1130?  Tyre colonizes Gades, now Cadiz, in Spain.
-1145? Di Shin, the 29th and final Shang King, is defeated by the neighboring Jo in China.
-1045? to -0256?  The bronze-age Jo dynasty rules China.
-1000? The Sabaeans are carrying on trade with India.
-1000? The Homeric poems are written.
-1000? The Sabaeans colonize Abyssinia.
-1000? Foxtail millet appears for the first time in Timor.
-1000? The palace at Cnossus is once more destroyed, and never rebuilt or re-inhabited.  Iron takes the place of Bronze.  Aegean art and writing cease on the Greek mainland and in the Aegean isles including Crete.
-0992? The queen of Sheba visits Solomon with camels bearing spices.
-0918? Abijah, son and successor of Rehoboam, becomes king of Judah.  He rules for about two years until -0915.
-0885? A powerful and warlike monarch, Asshur-nazir-pal, mounts the throne of Nineveh, and shortly engages in a series of wars with surrounding regions.
-0877? First contact takes place between Phoenicia and Assyria under the murderous Asshur-nazir-pal.
-0875? AHAB ascends the throne of Israel.  He is the son and successor of Omri.  His name means "father's brother."
-0860? Ex-Queen Elisa flees Pygmalion, king of Tyre, and founds Carthage.
-0854 Shalmaneser II of Assyria fights a great confederation of princes from Cilicia, N. Syria, Israel, Ammon, and the tribes of the Syrian desert at the battle of Karkar (perhaps Apamea).  Ahabbu Sir'lai (Ahab the Israelite) with Baasha, son of Ruhub (Rehob) of Ammon and nine others are allied with Bir-'idri (Ben-hadad), Ahab's contribution being reckoned at 2000 chariots and 10,000 men.
-0850? Carthage is founded.
-0839? Shalmaneser II brings Syria and Phoenicia into full subjection to Assyria after a long and bloody war lasting about 15 years.
-0800 By now, the "h" sound has been ignored in Ionic writing.    The "h" sound ceased at a very early period to exist in Ionic.
-0753 Rome is founded.
-0745? Tiglath-pileser II founds the Second or Lower Assyrian Empire.
-0727? Assyrian King Shalmaneser IV, the successor and probably the son of Tiglath-pileser II, leads a great expedition into the west, and overruns all Syria and Phoenicia.   Tyre and Aradus remain safe upon their islands.  Sidon and the other cities upon the mainland are protected by strong and lofty walls.-0722? Shalmaneser loses his throne in a revolution at Nineveh.  This effectively relieves the bothersome siege upon Tyre.
-0725?  Acre joins Sidon and Tyre in a revolt against Shalmaneser IV.
-0722 Part of Israel falls to Assyria.
-0720 The Assyrians exile northern Israel to the four winds.
-0700? the Lydians invent coinage.
-0680? Assyrian King Esarhaddon destroys Sidon and repeoples it with prisoners he has taken from the Persian Gulf.  He makes an Assyrian general governor over the city, and changes its name from Sidon to "Ir-Esarhaddon."
-0676 Rome is founded.
-0670? Assyrian King Esarhaddon conquers Egypt.
-0668 Assurbanipal lives till -0626.  He is king of Assyria.
-0668?  Asshur-bani-pal attacks Egypt and reconquers it for Assyria in about four years.
-0664?  Asshur-bani-pal besieges Tyre.  King Baal yields his daughter and nieces along with all their dowries.
-0660? Byzantium is born.
-0650 - -0625 Gorgus, son of the Corinthian tyrant Cypselus, founds a Corinthian colony at AMBRACIA (more correctly AMPRACIA).
-0645? Asshur-bani-pal finds that Hosah, a small place in the vicinity of Tyre, and Accho, famous as Acre in later times, have risen in revolt against their Assyrian governors, refused their tribute, and asserted independence.  He attacks and devastates them.
-0633? Cyaxares, king of Media, lays siege to Nineveh.
-0632 Cylon, who has unsuccessfully attempted to make himself "tyrant" is treacherously murdered with his followers.
-0630? The Scythians, who have burst down from the north, become dominant in Assyria until about -0610.
-0622 Deutoronomy is written and planted in the temple.  It is discovered by people cleaning the temple, and what is left of Israel becomes monotheistic.
-0620? Aesop is born.  He lives till about -0560.
-0610? Neco ascends the throne of Egypt.
-0608 Neco leads a great expedition into Palestine.
-0606 The Medes and Babylonians overthrow Nineveh.
-0606? Josiah ambushes the Egyptian army.  His forces are routed, and he is killed.
-0605? Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar routs the Egyptian army under Neco at Carchemish.  He persues them to the borders of Egypt, where he receives news that his father has died, making it necessary for him to return to Babylon in order to secure his throne.
-0600? Phoenician navigators circumnavigate Africa from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean in three years.  There expedition is funded by King Necho, of Egypt.
-0598? Phoenicia revolts against Nebuchadnezzar under Ithobal of Tyre.
-0590 War breaks out between the Medes and the Lydians.  This war lasts five years.
-0589 ANACHARSIS, a Scythian philosopher, is entrusted by his father, Gnurus, chief of a nomadic tribe of the Euxine shores, with an embassy to Athens.  He becomes acquainted with Solon, from whom he rapidly acquires a knowledge of the wisdom and learning of Greece, and by whose influence he is introduced to the principal persons in Athens.  He is the first stranger who received the privileges of citizenship.
-0586 Judea falls to Babylon.  Nebuchadnezzar razes the Temple of Solomon.
-0585 May 25  There is an eclipse of the sun.  This eclipse was predicted to the Ionians by Thales, the Milesian.  It is the first recorded instance of a predicted eclipse.  Alyattus, father of Croesus, is king of the Lydians.  The Lydians and the Medes, who are at war, stopped fighting, and decided to make peace.
-0585 Insular Tyre submits to Babylon after 13 years of fighting.
-0582? Colonists from Gela found Agrigentum (Gr. `Akragas, mod. Girgenti) a city on the south coast of Sicily, 2Sm. from the sea, perhaps on the site of an early Sicanian settlement.
-0582? PYTHAGORAS is born at Samos.
-0570 Phalaris becomes tyrant in Agrigentum.  He is said to roast his enemies to death in a brazen bull.  He rules until -0554.
-0568 Nebuchadnezzar (Babylon) appears to have attackd Ahmase II (Egypt).
-0550 Cyrus the Great founds the Persian empire.  He is the great-grandson of Teespes.
-0550 Confucius is born.
-0548 Fire destroys the temple of the Delphian Apollo.
-0544 The majority of the people of Teos migrate to Abdera after the Ionian revolt to escape the Persian yoke.
-0538 Persian King Cyrus defeats Nabonidus of Babylon, ending the Babylonian Empire.
-0536 The tyrant, Polycrates, rules Samos until -0522(?).  He is murdered byt he Persians.
-0529 Cambyses begins his rule in Persia.
-0529? Persian King Cyrus dies.  He is succeeded by his son, Cambyses.
-0522 Darius succeeds Cambyses in Persia.  He is the son of Hystaspes, who is the great-grandson of Teespes.
-0520? Darius I codifies Egyptian law.
-0520? Hanno, a Carthaginian, explores the African coast as far as Sierra Leone.  He may have reached the Bight of Benin.  The Phoenicians also possess a vague knowledge of the Niger regions.
-0516 Darius causes the great Behistun inscription to be engraved in cuneiform.
-0515 Darius I commands a massive bluff at Behistun, in western Persia, to be inscribed in the three chief languages of the empire.  All three of its inscriptions are in cuneiform characters.  It tells of some of his deeds.
-0507? Thebes makes overtures to Aegina for an alliance, but these come to nothing.  The refusal of Aegina is veiled under the diplomatic form of "sending the Aeacidae."
-0507 Athens defeats Thebes.
-0500? Dongson "moko" bronze kettledrums begin to appear throughout the Malay Archipelago.  Upon them are inscribed "ship of the dead" motiffs.
-0500? The temple of Heracles is built at Agrigentum.
-0500? Rice makes its first appearance in Malaya and Sulawesi.
-0498 Athens sends twenty vessels to the aid of the Ionians.
-0495? Persia attacks Miletus with the help of the Phoenician and other fleets.  Miletus falls, but at great cost to the Persian side.
-0492 The Phoenician ships carrying Persian troops to attack Greece are destroyed in a storm near Mt.  Athos.
-0492 Persian King Darius sends a fleet and army under Mardonius into Greece by way of the Hellespont and the European coast.  The fleet is shattered by a storm off Mount Athos, and the land force is greatly damaged by a night attack on the part of the Thracians.
-0491  Aegina is one of the states that gives the symbols of submission (earth and water) to Persia.
-0490 The battle of Marathon.
-0490 Aegina enters a period of naval superiority lasting until -0480.
-0490 Persian King Darius dispatches a fleet and army to Greece under Datis and Artaphernes.  They take their course through the islands, and land perhaps 200,000 men on the plain of Marathon, where Miltiades defeats them.  They return hastily by sea to Asia.  A Phoenician vessel plunders the temple of Delium on the B otian coast opposite Chalcis, carrying off from it a gold-plated image of Apollo.
-0488 Athens refuses to restore the hostages previously deposited in Athens by Sparta.  War breaks out between Athens and Aegina.  It lasts until -0481.  Athens gets the worst of this war.
-0488 Buddha dies.
-0484 Achaemenes, son of Darius I, brother of Xerxes, becomes satrap of Egypt after the first rebellion of Egypt.
-0484? The Romans take the chief center of the Aequi, in Italy.
-0483 Athens begins the construction of 200 triremes "for the war against Aegina" on the advice of Themistocles.  Work continues until -0482.
-0481 There is a congress at the Isthmus of Corinth.  Hostilities between Athens and Aegina end.
-0481 Themistocles destroys .75 of the Persian fleet in the strait of Salamis.
-0480 Combined Greek forces defeat the Persians near Plataea, and the Athenian fleet destroys the Persian navy off Cape Mycale in Asia Minor.
-0479 September 22 The Macedaemonians and Athenians under Pausanias route the Persians at the glorious battle of Plataea, putting nearly 300,000 of them to the sword.
-0479 The Greek army defeats the remnant of the army of Xerxes at Plataea.
-0478 Confucius dies.
-0477 After the great war with Persia, the Aegean cities unite under the leadership of Athens in a political league.  They choose the temple of the Delian Apollo as its center, doubtless through a desire to connect the new alliance with the associations of the old amphictyony.  This is the Delian confederacy.
-0465 The Athenian, Cimon, defeats Tithraustes, a son of Xerxes, at the Eurymedon.  The Athenians and their allies have 250 triremes, mostly of Athens.  The Persian fleet is said to have consisted of 340 vessels, drawn from the Phoenicians, the Cyprians, and the Cilicians.
-0461 The Athenians ostracise Cimon.  A change in Athenian foreign policy results.  This leads to what is sometimes called the First Peloponnesian War, in which the brunt of the fighting falls upon Corinth and Aegina.
-0460 The persian fleet, commanded by Achaemenes, is defeated at Salamis.  He is later killed by Inarus, the leader of the second rebellion of Egypt.
-0458 Athens gains final victory over Aegina.
-0456? After a seige, Aegina is forced to surrender to Athens and to accept the position of a subject-ally.  The tribute is fixed at 30 talents.
-0454 The treasury of the Delian Confederacy is moved from Delos to Athens.
-0445 Under the Thirty Years' Truce Athens covenants to restore to Aegina her autonomy.
-0437 The Athenians and other Greeks, under Hagnon, colonize 'Ennea `Odoi ("Nine Roads"),a  Thracian town.  Once also called Amphipolis, it is now known as Yeni Keui.
-0435? Alcibiades seizes Agatharchus and compels him to paint the interior of his house.  At this time, decorative painting of rooms is the fashion.
-0434 - -0433 Anaxagoras is forced to retire from Athens to Lampsacus.
-0431 In the first winter of the Peloponnesian War, Athens expels the Aeginetans and establishes a cleruchy in aegina.  Sparta settles the Aeginetans in Thyreatis, on the frontiers of Laconia and Argolis.
-0430 The plague hits Athens.
-0429 Pericles dies.
-0428 Anaxagoras dies.
-0426 The Athenians purify the island of Delos and institute a great festival to be held under their presidency every four years.
-0424 Nicias lands at Thyreatis with An Athenian force and puts most of the Aeginetan exiles to the sword.
-0424   Amphipolis surrenders to the Spartan, Brasidas, without resistance. This is because of the gross negligence of the historian, Thucydides, who is with the fleet at Thasos.
-0422 The Athenians expell the Delians from Delos.
-0421 The peace of Nicias.
-0415 The struggle between Syracuse and Athens lasts till -0413.
-0410 Hannibal leads the Carthaginians against Sicily with one hundred thousand men.  Within three months he captures the two Hellenic cities of Selinus and Himera.
-0406 or -0405 Egypt shakes off the Persian yoke, and establishes her independence under a native sovereign.
-0406 Socrates is the only man who dares oppose the illegal execution of the six generals in Athens.  All of them are killed.
-0405 Lysander destroys the last Athenian armament in the Peloponnesian War at Aegospotami ("Goat Streams"), a small creek issuing into the Hellespont, N.E.  of Sestos.
-0405 Despite the help of the Siceliot cities, Agrigentum is captured and plundered by the Carthaginians, a blow from which it never entirely recovers.
-0404 April Athens surrenders to Sparta.
-0404 The Thirty set up a reign of terror in Athens.
-0404 Thrasybulus takes charge and repulses the Thirty from Piraeus.
-0403 The warring-states period begins in China.  The Hu people (thought to include horse-riding seminomadic people from Central Asia) first appear in Chinese history.  This is the first time the nomads come south.  Wall-building accelerates.  The warring-states period lasts until -0221.
-0403 Athens officially adopts the Ionic alphabet and gives up the old Attic alphabet.
-0403 The power of the Thirty is broken, and peace and democrasy return to Athens.
-0401 AGESILAUS II, king of Sparta, succeeds Agis II, his older step-brother.  He is the son of Archidamus II and Eupolia, and is of the Eurypontid family.
-0401 Cyrus the younger goes on an expedition against his brother, Artaxerxes of Persia.
-0400? Hippocrates compiles a list of medicinal spices and herbs.
-0400? Dionysius I founds Adranon.
-0396 Agesilaus is sent to Asia with a force of 2000 Neodamodes (enfranchized Helots) and 6000 allies to secure the Greek cities against a Persian attack.
-0395 spring After spending the winter organizing a cavalry force, Agesilaus makes a successful incursion into Lydia.
-0394 After being deprived of Delos at the end of the Peloponnesian War, Athens appears to have regained control of the island after the victory of Cnidus.
-0394 The presence of Phoenician ships at Cnidus turns the scale between Athens and Sparta, enabling the Athenians to recover the naval supremacy which they have lost at  gos-Potami.
-0393 The appearance of a Phoenician fleet in Greek waters affords the Athenians an opportunity to rebuild their "Long Walls."
-0392 or -0391? Evagoras, a Cypriot Greek who claims descent from Teucer, inaugurates a revolution at Salamis in Cyprus, where he slays the Phoenician monarch, Abdemon, who held his throne under Persia, and, himself mounting the throne, proceeds to reduce to subjection the whole island.
-0390 Syracusan refugees found Ancona.
-0390 July 18 The Romans suffer a terrible defeat at the hands of the Gauls in the battle of BALLIA (named after a small tributary of the Tiber about 11 miles north of Rome).
-0390? Phoenicia, or at least a part of it, detaches itself from the Persian Empire.
-0387 Alarmed by the presence of a Phoenician fleet, Sparta subscribes to the agreement known as "the Peace of Antalcidas."
-0378 Agesilaus (Sparta) invades Boeotia (Thebes).
-0377 Agesilaus (Sparta) again invades Boeotia (Thebes).
-0375 The Persians, Pharnabazus and Iphicrates, collect a vast armament and make an attempt to recover Egypt.  Their attempt completely fails.
-0371 On Agesilaus' advice, Cleombrotus is ordered to march against Thebes.
-0370 Agesilaus tries to restore Spartan prestige by an invasion of Mantinean territory.
-0370 Agesilaus' prudence and heroism save Sparta when her enemies, led by Epaminondas, penetrate Laconia.
-0370? An independent Greek dynasty is established in Bactria.
-0368 The Achaean League, a confederation of towns in Achaea, fights in the Theban wars.  These wars last until -0362.
-0368 Because of the tyranny of ALEXANDER, tagus or despot of Pherae in Thessaly, The Thessalians apply to Thebes.  Pelopidas is sent to their assistance.  He is treacherously seized and thrown into prison, and it is necessary to send Epaminondas with a large army to secure his release.
-0366 The revolt of the satraps begins.
-0362 general Aeneas of Stymphalus fights at the battle of Mantinea.
-0362 The battle of Mantinea.
-0362 Agesilaus' prudence and heroism save Sparta when her enemies all but succeed in seizing the city by a rapid and unexpected march.
-0362 There seems to be something like a general revolt of the western provinces against Persia, in which the satraps of Mysia, Phrygia, and Lydia, Mausolus prince of Caria, and the peoples of Lycia, Pisidia, Pamphylia, Cilicia, and Syria participate.
-0361 Agesilaus goes to Egypt at the head of a mercenary force to aid the rebel satrap, Tachos, against Persia.
-0361 Having secured the services of Agesilaus and Chabrias, Tachos, native king of Egypt, advances boldly into Syria with the object of enlarging his own dominions at the expense of Persia.  He is received with favour by the Phoenicians, who are quite willing to form a portion of his empire.
-0356, probably in October, Alexander the Great (Alexander III) is born.
-0351 Caere becomes the  first example of a conquered town which has been deprived of local self-government, whose people have no political rights.  They now belong to a class of Roman citizens not included in the thirty tribes of Servius Tullius, and are subject to a poll-tax arbitrarily fixed by the censor.
-0351 Sidon, feeling herself aggrieved by the conduct of the Persian authorities at Tripolis, where the general assembly of the Phoenicians holds its meetings, boldly raises the standard of revolt against Persia under Tennes, or Tabnit II., and induces the Phoenicians generally to declare themselves independent.
-0350? Chinese Emperor Chee-Whange-Tee orders the destruction of all the most ancient writings so that everything will  begin anew as from his reign.  Only a few volumes survive.
-0350? Collecting an army of 300,000 foot and 30,000 horse, supported by 300 triremes and 500 transports or provision-ships, Persian King Ochus slaughters the people of Sidon and retakes Egypt for Persia.
-0343 - -0342 Aristotle comes to Pella at Philip's bidding to direct the education of his son, Alexander III.
-0342? ALEXANDER I is king of Epirus.  He is the brother of Olympias, who is the mother of Alexander the Great.
-0339 Nekht-nebf, or Nectanebo II., the last native Pharaoh of Egypt, flees from Ochus to Ethiopia.
-0338 Alexander III heads the charge that breaks the Sacred Band at Chaeronea.
-0338 Timoleon colonizes Agrigentum with settlers from Veha in Lucania.
-0338 The Achaean League fights Philip.
-0338 Philip forces the Grecian States to appoint him generalissimo of their armies, and promises to lead them to the conquest of Persia.
-0337 Philip repudiates Olympias for another wife, Cleopatra.
-0337 Alexander III commands in Macedonia during Philip's absence and quells a rising of the hill tribes on the northern border.
-0336? Alexander I marries Cleopatra, daughter of Philip of Macedon.
-0336 While celebrating the marriage of his daughter to Alexander I, of Epirus, at Aegae, Philip is suddenly assassinated in the presence of a great concourse from all the Greek world.  The newly born son of Philip by Cleopatra, and Alexander's cousin Amyntas, are put to death, and Alexander takes up the interrupted work of his father.
-0335 spring Alexander strikes across the Balkans, probably by the Shipka Pass.  He frustrates the mountain warfare of its tribes by a precision of discipline which, probably, no other army of the time can approach.  He traverses the land of the Triballians (Rumelia) to the Danube.  Then he comes back and destroys most of Thebes.
-0334 spring with an army of between 30,000 and 40,000 men, Macedonians, Illyrians, Thracians and the contingents of the Greek states, Alexander crosses into Asia.  The place of concentration is Arisbe on the Hellespont.  He takes the time to visit Troy.
-0334 Alexander crosses the Hellespont into Asia.  His army consists of 34,000 foot and 4,000 horse.  He has with him only seventy talents in money.  He marches directly on the Persian army, which, vastly exceeding him in strength, is holding the line of the Granicus.  He forces the passage of the river, routes the enemy, and gains the possession of all Asia Minor.
-0333 Alexander founds Alexandria ad Issum.   Iskanderun preserves the name, but probably not the exact site, about 23 miles south of the scene of his victory, to supersede Myriandrus as key of the Syrian Gates.
-0333 The battle of Issus.
-0332 Alexander conquers Egypt.
-0332 Acerra becomes a city with Latin rights.
-0331 September 20 The Macedonian army crosses the Tigris.
-0330 The Persian empire and dynasty end with Darius III "Codomannus."
-0330 The Achaean League fights Antipater.
-0330 summer Bessus and the Persian magnates with him stab Darius while fleeing Alexander.
-0330? Alexander I crosses over to Italy to assist the Tarentines against the Lucanians, Bruttians and Samnites.
-0330? Alexander I is killed by a Lucanian emigrant.
-0328 spring Alexander crosses the Hindu Kush into Bactria and follows the retreat of Bessus across the Oxus and into Sogdiana (Bokhara).
-0327?   Alexander captures Roxana, daughter of Oxyartes, and makes her his wife.
-0326 spring Alexander crosses the Indus into the Punjab at Ohind, 16 m. above Attock (according to Foucher).  He used a bridge built by Perdiccas and Hephaestion.
-0326 October   The Greek fleet prepared on the Hydaspes sets sail.  A land army moves along the bank.  Their destination is the mouth of the Indus River.
-0325 high summer Alexander reaches Patala.
-0325  October Alexander and a land force set out to travel along the coast of Baluchistan through the appalling sand-wastes of the Mekran.
-0325 winter Alexander's Indus fleet sails under the Greek Nearchus from the Indus mouth with the winter monsoon.
-0324 spring Alexander rests at Susa.  The task of conquering and compassing the Achaemenian realm has been achieved.
-0324 summer Alexander moves to the cooler region of Media.  On the way, the Macedonians mutiny at Opis, on the Tigris.
-0323 June 13 Alexander dies.  Roxana gives birth to the so-called ALEXANDER "AEGUS," a few months later.
-0323 Alexander dies in the old palace of Hammurabi, in Babylon.
-0323   Ptolemy Soter reigns in Egypt till -0285.
-0320 Ptolemy Lagi attacks Laemedon, dispossesses him of his government (Syria and Phoenicia), and attaches it to his own satrapy of Egypt.
-0320 Alexandria is made Egypt's capital.  It soon becomes the most    powerful and influential city in the region.
-0319 Antipater dies.  Roxana flees with her son to Epirus.  Then Polyperchon takes her to Macedonia with Olympias.  All three fall into the hands of Cassander (Justin xiv)
-0314 Antigonus attacks Ptolemy, who is forced to relinquish his conquests in Syria and Phoenicia.
-0310? Antigonus builds Antigonia Troas.  Early in the next century, Lysimachus renames it Alexandria Troas, in honour of Alexander.  Now it is called Eski Stambul.
-0310 Cassander (Justin xiv) orders Roxana's son put to death.
-0310? Seleucus is said by Strabo to have given to the Indian Sandrocottus (Chandragupta), in consequence of a marriage-contract, some part of the country west of the Indus occupied by an Indian population, and no doubt embracing a part of the Kabul basin.
-0309 Cassander (Justin xiv) orders Roxana put to death.
-0306 Q. Marcius Tremulus conquers Anagnia [mod. "Anagni").
-0304   The Latin colony of Alba Fucens is established.
-0304 ALBA FUCENS (mod. "Albe"), is occupied by a  Roman colony.
-0298 The latin colony of Carsioll is established.
-0293 The romans storm Amiternum, a town of the Sabines.
-0293 The worship of Aesculapius is introduced into Rome by order of the Sibylline books.
-0290? Seleucus re-peoples the ancient town of Thyateira with Macedonians.
-0288 Antigonus Gonatas dissolves the Achaean league.
-0287 Phoenicia once more passes under the dominion of Ptolemy Lagi.
-0285   Philadelphus rules Egypt till -0247.  His librarian is the celebrated Callimachus.  He buys up all Aristotle's collection of books, and also introduces a number of Jewish and Egyptian works.
-0285 End of the reign of Ptolemy I.
-0280 Aristarchus of Samos, one of the Alexandrian school, uses geometry to find the approximate distances to the sun and moon, and to determine their sizes.  He also shows that the stars must be very distant.  He has a correct understanding of the structure of the univers, but his views are rejected in favor of those of Ptolomy.
-0280 Four towns combine again to revive the Achean League.  Before long the ten surviving cities of Achaea have renewed their federation.
-0272 ALEXANDER II, king of Epirus, succeeds his father, Pyrrhus.
-0264 Rome and Carthage begin their first armed conflict.  It is for possession of Sicily.
-0263 The Romans establish a colony at AESERNIA (mod. "Isernia"), a Samnite town on the road from Beneventum to Corfinium.
-0263 Adranon is the first town taken by the Romans in the First Punic War.
-0261 The Romans sack Agrigentum in the First Punic War.
-0255 The Carthaginians sack Agrigentum in the First Punic War.
-0250? Diodotus (Theodotus), governor of Bactria under the Seleucidae, declares his independence, and commences the history of the Greco-Bactrian dynasties.
-0247 The Romans colonize ALSIUM (mod. "Palo"), an ancient town of Etruria.
-0247   Euergetes rules Egypt till -0222.  He largely increases the Library of Alexandria by seizing on the original editions of the dramatists laid up in the Athenian archives, and by compelling all travellers who arrived in Alexandria to leave a copy of any work they possess.
-0246 Chin Shu Huang Di takes power in China and begins work on his grave site.
-0241 Rome destroys the Etruscan civilization of old Falerii. for its rebellion.
-0241 C. Lutatius Catulus  defeats the Carthaginian fleet in the Aegales Insulae, a group of small mountainous islands off the western coast of Sicily.  This ends the First Punic War.
-0228 Aratus expands the Achaean League to comprise Arcadia, Argolis, Corinth and Aegina.
-0221 End of the "warring-states" period in China.
-0221 Chin bronze-age dynasty begins and lasts until -0207.  This is the first dynasty to unite the empire.
-0221 Chin Shu Huang Di becomes emperor of China.  He unifies China, and standardizes currency, the writing system, weights, measures, and axle widths.  He builds the first version of the Great Wall.  His reign lasts until -0210.
-0221 The Chin dynasty rules in Shan Shi Province until -0207.
-0219 Antiochus III drives the Egyptians out of Seleucia, the port of Antioch, and being joined by Theodotus, the Egyptian governor of the C lesyrian province, invades that country and Ph nicia, takes possession of Tyre and Accho, which is now called Ptolema s, and threatens Egypt with subjugation.
-0218 Hannibal crosses the Pyrenees with 50,000 foot soldiers, 9,000 mounted men, and 37 elephants.
-0216 Hannibal defeats a Roman army at the battle of Cannae.  Over 70,000 men are killed.  Hannibal is master of Italy.
-0216 Hannibal destroys Ascerra.
-0216 Hannibal's Carthaginians defeat the Romans at Cannae, in southeastern Italy.
-0210 Acerra is restored.
-0210 The Romans sack Agrigentum in the Second Punic War.
-0206 Start of the Han bronze-age dynasty in China.  Dynasty lasts until 0220.
-0206 The Western Han Dynasty rules Shan Shi Province until 0009.
-0203 Scipio crosses to Africa.
-0202 Hannibal is defeated at the battle of Zama.
-0202 Ptolemy Philadelphus issues an edict prohibiting the exportation of papyrus from Egypt.
-0200? Onyx beads from the west coast of India appear in Halmaheira.
-0200? Dongson "moko" kettledrums disappear from the Malay Archipelago.
-0198 Antiochus defeats Scopas.  Sidon surrenders, Phoenicia and C lesyria pass into the permanent possession of the Seleucids.
-0197 The romans defeat the Greeks at the battle of Cynoscephalae, or "Dogs' Heads," in central Thessaly.
-0196 Eratosthenes starves himself to death to escape the miseries of blindness.
-0190?   Demetrius is supposed to have reigned in Arachosia after being expelled from Bactria, much as, at a later date, Baber reigned in Kabul after his expulsion from Samarkand.
-0190 Lucius Scipio, a brother of the Scipio who defeated Hannibal at Zama, is sent to Asia Minor.  He destroys the armies of Antiochus III near Magnesia.  Shortly afterwards, Antiochus III is lynched by his own people.  His guest, Hannibal takes poison and kills himself.  Asia Minor becomes a Roman protectorate.
-0187 Roman consul M. Aemilius Lepidus constructs the Aemilia Via, or Aemilian Way, A highroad of Italy, from Ariminum to Placentia.
-0181   Eucratides is alleged by Justin to have warred in India.
-0180  Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus captures Alce, in Spain.
-0165 Epiphanes drives the Jews into rebellion by a most cruel religious persecution.  He commands Lysias to erase the Jewish identity.  Lysias marches against Judaea with a large army, and is routed by the Jews.  Phoenician merchants who had accompanied him in hopes of buying Jewish slaves fled for their lives, leaving their money to the victorious Jews.
-0165? Simon Maccabaeus defeats the Syrians in many battles in Galilee, and drives them into Ptolemais.
-0164 The Macabes conquer Jerusalem.
-0164 Lysias puts Menelaus, the fomenter of war with the Asmoneans, to death in Beroea "as the manner is in that place," being thrown into a lofty tower full of cinders.
-0157 Han Jing Di, fourth emperor of the Western Han, rules until -0141.
-0153? Alexander Balas, son of Antiochus Epiphanes, contesting the Syrian crown with Demetrius, seizes Acre, which opens its gates to him.
-0150? Attalus II of Pergamum founds   Philadelphia.
-0150? The Medrassen is built.  It is a monument similar to the Kubr-er-Rumia, but older.  It is the burial-place of the Numidian kings.  It is situated 35 m.  S.W. of Constantine.
-0150 Carthage is burned.
-0150 ALEXANDER BALAS defeats the reigning king Demetrius Soter.  Now undisputed master of Syria, he abandones himself to a life of debauchery.
-0150 Jonathan (Macabes?) throws in his lot with Alexander.  Alexander receives him with great honour in Ptolemais.
-0148 The Romans construct the Via Postumia.
-0147 Under Heliocles, the Parthians, who have already encroached on Ariana, press their conquests into India.
-0146 Carthage falls to Rome.
-0146 Scipio captures Carthage.
-0133 The Annals are discontinued.
-0126 Scythian invaders overrun Bactria.  The chief nation among these is called "Yue-Chi" by the Chinese.
-0126 Menander, a Parthian, invades India at least to the Jumna, and perhaps also to the Indus delta.
-0126?The Greco-Bactrian dynasties succumb to Parthian and nomadic movements.  Affter this comes a Buddhist era which has left its traces in the gigantic sculptures at Bamian and the rock-cut topes of Haibak.
-0123 The Roman consul Sextius Calvinus founds Aix ("Aquae Sextiae"), and gives his name to its springs.
-0123 The Romans subjugate Salluvii.
-0121 August 8 Q. Fabius Maximus defeats the Allobroges at the junction of the Rhodanus and Isara.  The Romans attacked them because they gave shelter to Salluvii King Tutomotulus, and refused to surrender him.
-0109 Roman censor M. Aemillus Scaurus constructs the Aemilia Via from Vada Volaterrana and Luna to Vada Sabatia and thence over the Apennines to Ilertona (Tortona), where it joins the Via Postumia from Genua to Cremona.
-0106 The Jugurthine war.  After this, the whole of the "regio Tripolitana," comprising Leptis Magna (Lebda), Oea (Tripoli), Sabrata, and the other towns on the littoral of the two Syrtes, appears to have been annexed to the Roman province in a more or less regular manner.
-0103 ALEXANDER JANNAEUS, king of the Jews, succeeds his brother, Aristobulus.  His first act is to murder one of his brothers who claims the throne, and his reign is disgraced by the cruelties that he perpetrates in order to retain his position.  He dies in 76 B.C.
-0102 The neighborhood of  Aix is the scene of the defeat inflicted on the Cimbri and Teutones by Marius.
-0096 Heracleon makes himself a principality in Beroea, where he was born.  He was the court favourite and murderer of Antiochus Grypus.
-0090 Ascerra serves as Roman headquarters in the Social war, and is successfully held against the insurgents.
-0088 Mithridates, king of Pontus, murders all the Roman men, women, and children he can find in Turkey.
-0083 The subjects of the Seleucid Kingdom invite Tigranes, king of neighbouring Armenia, to step in and undertake the government of the country, and he does so.
-0082 Sulla becomes dictator of Rome until -0081.
-0080 Sulla recovers the Roman colony at AESERNIA at the end of the Italian revolt.
-0079 Herculaneum is partially destroyed.
-0069 The Romans under Lucullus attack and depose Tigranes.  He is succeeded by the last Seleucid prince, Antiochus Asiaticus.
-0067 Pompey completely destroys all pirate fleets in the Mediterranian, attacking them in their lairs, and clearing them out from every spot where they have established themselves. Sea voyages become once more as safe as travels by land.  This made life much easier for the Phoenicians.   commerce had been preyed upon to an enormous extent by these pirate fleets.  Issuing from the creeks and harbours of Western Cilicia and Pamphylia, they had spread terror on every side and made the navigation of the Levant and  gean as dangerous as it had been in the days before Minos.
-0065 Pompey's pursues Mithradates the Great.
-0065 After Mithradates' fall, Pompey makes Amasia a free city.
-0065 The Romans depose the last Seleucid prince, Antiochus Asiaticus.  The Seleucid kingdom becomes a Roman province named Syria ruled by a proconsul whose title is "Pr ses Syri ."  It extends from the flanks of Amanus and Taurus to Carmel and the sources of the Jordan, including Phoenicia.  But the towns of Tripolis, Sidon, and Tyre are allowed the position of "free cities," which secured them an independent municipal government, under their own freely elected council and chief magistrates.
-0063 Rome conquers Palestine.
-0062 Pompey (Gnaeus Pompeius) returns to Rome with a dozen ship-loads of defeated Kings Princes and Generals, all of whom are forced to march in a triumphal procession through Rome.
-0060 Caius Julius, emperor of the Romans, attacks Brittain with 80 ships.
-0059 Julius Caesar orders the keeping and publishing of the acts of the people by public officers.  This is the origin of the Acta, which served as a kind of newspaper in the Roman Empire for some centuries.
-0059 C. Scribonius Curio constructs The first amphitheatre to be built in Rome.
-0055 CAESAR crosses the English Channel to England.  He is said to be the earliest explorer of northwestern Europe, and to have conquered England.
-0054 winter Ambiorix joins Catuvolcus in rising against the Roman forces under Q. Titurius Sabinus and I. Aurunculeius Cotta, and almost annihilates them.  He is prince of Eburones, a tribe of Belgian Gaul.  He finds safety across the Rhine.
-0053 Crassus carries out a great attack upon Parthia.  This bitterly exasperates the Parthians, who then inflict severe sufferings upon Rome's allies, subjects, and dependencies.
-0052 Caesar besieges the Gaulish national leader, Vercingetorix, at alesia, a hill in central France.  He uses enormous entrenchments, and forces Vercingetorix to surrender.
-0049 Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicond and declares himself emperror of Rome.
-0047 Julius Caesar defeats the Britons near London.
-0046? Julius Caesar returns to Rome with Cleopatra.  On the 15th of March he is murdered as he tries to enter the senate.
-0044 Julius Caesar is murdered at a meeting of the senate.  Augustus is 19.
-0043 After the raising of the siege of AIutina,  Decimus Brutus succeeds in occupying Pollentia just before Mark Antony's cavalry comes in sight.
-0041 Caligula is assassinated.
-0040 The Parthian prince, Pacorus, son of Orodes, crosses the Euphrates in force, defeats the Romans under Decidius Saxa, and carries fire and sword over the whole of the Syrian presidency.  He takes Apamea and Antioch, then marches into Phoenicia, ravages the open country, and compels all the towns, except Tyre, to surrender.  He also occupies Palestine and takes Jerusalem.
-0037? The Roman, Ventidius reoccupies Syria and drives the Parthians back across the Euphrates.
-0036 Anthony agrees to make over the government of Palestine and of C lesyria, as far as the river Eleutherus, to Cleopatra.  Despite her earnest entreaties, he exempts the cities of Tyre and Sidon.  He writes more than one letter to the "Magistates, Council, and People of Tyre," in which he recognises them as "allies" rather than "subjects" of the Roman people.
-0032 Cleopatra deposits the 200,000 Pergamus volumes received from Mark Anthony in the Serapion library of Alexandria.
-0031 September 2 Octavian defeats Mark Antony at Actium. The fire from the ships consumes the library of Bruchion, with its four hundred thousand volumes.  The library of Serapion, with 300,000 volumes (and probably another 200,000 Phrygian volumes presented by Mark Anthony to Cleopatra)survives.
-0031 Octavius gives up Numidia, or Africa Nova, to King Juba II.
-0030? Virgil publishes his "Georgics."
-0029 Augustus returns to a war-torn Rome.  He becomes Rome's first emperor.
-0028 Augustus banishes Anaxilaus from Rome.  Anaxilaus is of Larissa, a physician and Pythagorean philosopher.  He is banished on the charge of practising the magic art.  This accusation appears to have originated in his superior skill in natural philosophy, by which he produced effects that the ignorant attributed to magic.
-0026 Augustus gives Mauretania and some Gaetulian districts to Juba.  He receives Numidia in exchange.  Numidia thus reverts to direct Roman control.-0046  The battle of Thapsus makes the Romans the masters of Numidia, and the spheres of administration are clearly marked out.
-0024? The Romans capture Attanae, (Arabia Felix) which is now Aden.
-0023 The senate votes Augustus absolute ruler at the instigation of the mob.
-0020 C. Statilius Taurus builds the first permanent amphitheatre.  Probably the shell only is of stone.  It is burnt in the great fire of A.D. 64.
-0020 Augustus visits Phoenicia. He chooses to profess himself deeply aggrieved by the preference the Phoenicians have shown for his rival, Anthony, and enslaves Tyre and Sidon.
-0020 Herod the Great begins to rebuild the temple of Solomon.
-0019 Rome makes its final conquest of Spain.
-0002 Augustus restores the Aemilia Via from Ariminum to the river Trebia.
0003 Herod stabs himself to death, and Archelaus, his son, succeeds him.  Jesus is brought back from Egypt.
0004 There is a partial solar eclipse.  The Tiberius floods.  Crops fail.
0006 Roman soldiers refuse to reenlist without a pay raise.  Fire breaks out in Rome.
0009  Three of Augustus' legions are annihilated in the Teutoburg Wood.
0011 Herod the son of Antipater assumes the government of Judea.
0012 Philip and Herod divide Judea into four kingdoms or tetrarchies.
0014 Augustus dies.  Tiberius replaces him.
16 09 Hugo Grotius writes "Mare Librum," advocating freedom of the seas.
0016 Tiberius becomes emperor in Rome.
0016 Germanicus makes a voyage through the river Ems to the Northern Ocean where he is overtaken by a storm.
0017 Greek sea captain Hippolus discovers monsoon winds between the red sea and India.
0025 The old western Han family sets up the Eastern Han Dynasty, which rules until 0220.
0026 Pilate becomes governor of Judea.
0026 Tiberius leaves Rome for Capri to devote himself to depravity.
0031 Tiberius sours on Sejanus and embraces Caligula.  He calls him to Capri, and sends a message to the senate condemning Sejanus, who is strangled and thrown into the Tiber.
0033 The Romans crucify Jesus at Jerusalem.
0034 Saul is converted to Christianity, and becomes the Apostle Paul.
0037 Pilate commits suicide.
0039 The Jews are slaughtered in Egypt.
0041 Caligula is murdered.  Claudius becomes emperor.
0041 The Christian Gospel is preached in Phoenicia.
0042 Claudius becomes emperor in Rome.
0044 Peter settles an episcopal see at Rome.  Herod kills James, the brother of John.
0044 About the feast of the Passover, Agrippa orders James the elder, the son of Zebedee and brother of John the evangelist, to be seized and put to death.  He proceeded also to lay hands on Peter and imprisoned him.
0044 Herod Agrippa, grandson of Herod the Great, receives an embassy from Tyre and Sidon at Ceasarea.  He "makes an oration" to the ambassadors, with whom he is highly offended.   He is threatening them with war, while they "desire peace."
0045 Herod dies.
0046 Claudius comes to Britain.  He is the second Roman emperor to invade.  He subdues a large part of the island.  He also adds the island of Orkney, or the Orkneys, to the dominion of the Romans.  The great famin, mentioned by Luke in "The Acts of the Apostles," takes place in Syria.
0047 Mark, missionary to Egypt, begins to write his gospel.
0047 Claudius invades Brittain with an army, and subdues the island, and subjects all the Picts and Welsh to the rule of the Romans.
0050 Paul is sent to Rome in bonds.
0057 Nero raises a wooden amphitheater.
0057  The Apostle, Paul, lands at Tyre on his way home from his third missionary journey to find Christians making an open confession of their faith.
0062 James, brother of Jesus, is killed.
0063 Mark, missionary to Egypt, dies.
0064 Josephus goes to Rome.
0064 There is a great fire in Rome.
0065 Funeral rites for Nero's wife, Poppaea, require a year's supply of cinnamon.
0066 The great Jewish revolt breaks out in Jerusalem.
0066 Anti-Roman anger explodes in a Jewish revolt.  The empire comes down hard.  Rome sends legions to crush the rebels.
0067 Summer The fortress of Jotapata falls.  Josephus is captured by Vespasian.
0069 Vespasian becomes emperor in Rome.
0069 Vespasian gives Josephus his freedom.
0069 Peter and Paul are killed.
0070 Vespasian becomes emperor in Rome.
0070 Roman emperor Titus destroys the second temple in Jerusalem.  The Jews are dispersed.
0071 Titus, son of Vespasian, slaughters 1.1 million Jews in Jerusalem.
0074 During Easter, the Northumbrians banish their king, Alred, from York.  To replace him, they choose Ethelred, the son of Mull.  A red crucifix appears in the heavens after sunset.  The Mercians and the men of Kent fight at Otford.  Wonderful serpents are seen in the land of the South Saxons.
0078 Wales is completely conquered by the Romans.
0079 August An eruption of Mt.  Vesuvius buries Herculaneum and Pompei in ashes.
0080 Titus inaugurates the "Amphitheatrum Flavium" (known at least since the 8th century as the Colosseum) with shows lasting 100 days.  It was begun by Vespasian on the site of an artificial lake included in the Golden House of Nero.
0081 Titus becomes emperor in Rome.
0083 Domitian, brother of Titus, becomes emperor in Rome.
0084 John writes the book of Revelation on Patmos.
0090 Simon, the apostle, a relation of Jesus, is crucified.  John the evangelist rests at Ephesus.
0092 Pope Clement dies.
0095? The Chinese first use old pieces of woven hemp to make paper.
0100 Turkeys are domesticated in Mexico.
0100 Trajan restores the Aemilia Via bridge across the Sillaro.
0105 The Romans build a magnificent bridge over the Tagus northwest of AlcVntara, western Spain, in honour of the Roman emperor, Trajan.  It is constructed entirely of granite blocks without cement.  It consists of six arches of various sizes.  It is 616 feet long, and about 190 feet high.
0110 Bishop Ignatius is killed.
0116 Hadrian the Caesar becomes emperor in Rome.
0131 Roman emperor Hadrian builds the city, AELIA CAPITOLINA, on the site of Jerusalem.  It is occupied by a Roman colony.
0145 Marcus Antoninus and Aurelius his brother become the emperors of Rome.
0151 Ptolemy (the geographer) makes his last observation.
156 5 The Spanish found colonies in the Philippines.  Philip sets up the Inquisition in Flanders, and in a few years more than 50,000 persons are deliberately murdered.
0166 Plague strikes Rome.
0167 Eleutherius becomes pope.  Lucius, king of the Britons, sends to beg baptism, and Eleutherius grants it.  The Romans send a legation to Briton.  king Lucius and all the chiefs of the British people receive baptism.
0179 A fortress is built at Regensberg, on the Danube in Germany.
0189 Severus becomes emperor at Rome.  He invades Brittain, and subdues a great part of the island.  Then he builds a wall straight across the island for the defense of the Britons.
0195 Septimius Severus fights the Osrhoenians.
0199 The holy rood is found.
0214 Severus dies at York.  His son, Bassianus, becomes emperor of Rome.
0215 Emperor Caracalla visits Alexandria.  In order to repay some insulting satires that the inhabitants have made upon him, he commands his troops to put to death all youths capable of bearing arms.  This brutal order seems to be carried out even beyond the letter, for a general massacre is the result.  Notwithstanding this terrible disaster, Alexandria soon recovers its former splendour, and for some time longer is esteemed the first city of the world after Rome.
0220 End of the Han dynasty in China.
0220 The period of the three kingdoms begins in China.
0231 Origen, chief representative and supporter of science in the Church, is compelled to abandon his charge in Alexandria, and retire to Caesarea.
0250? The Maya classic period begins.
0275? Funan (Cambodia) gains supremacy over the Gulf of Thailand and the South China Sea, forcing Malay-speaking navigation eastward through the Strait of Makassar and the Philippines.  The Khmer word, "perak" or "pirak," supplants "eslaka" in western Indonesia.
0283 Saint Alban the Martyr is killed
0290 Diocletian decrees the destruction of books about alchemy.
0300? Malay speaking negrito seafarers visiting the coasts of China begin to appear in Chinese records.
0302 - 0303 TChristian soldiers in some of the Roman legions refuse to join in the time-honored winter solemnities for propitiating the gods.
0323 - 0337 Reign of Constantine.
0330 Constantine moves the capital of the Roman Empire to Byzantium and calls it Constantinople.
0335 Tyre is the seat of a synod or council, called to consider charges made against the great Athanasius, who is accused of cruelty, impiety, and the use of magical arts.
0343 St.  Nicolaus dies.
0350 Shapur (Sapor) II, Sassanid king of Persia, founds Anbar, originally called FIRUZ SHAPUR, or PERISAPORA.
0354 Constantius restores the  walls, forum, harbour, etc. of Albenga (the ancient "Album Ingaunum" or "Albingaunum").
0363 Julian marches eastward.
0363 Emperor Julian captures and destroys Anbar.
0378 Roman emperor Valens is killed by the Goths near Adrianople.
0379 Gratian becomes emperor of Rome.
0381 Maximus becomes emperor of Rome.  He was born in Brittain.
0386 Northern Weh dynasty in China, lasts until 0534.
0387? Armenia is divided between Persia and Byzantium, the greater part falling to the former, who discourages Greek and favoured Syriac, which the Christian Armenians did not understand.
0389 The Library of Alexandria is disgracefully pillaged under the rule of the Christian bishop, Theophilus, acting on Theodosius' decree concerning pagan monuments.
0390? The Christianized roman senate confiscates ancient literature from Italy, Greece, and other regions.  This body of material is later burned.
0394 Roman emperor Theodosius crushes the usurper, Eugeniuse.  Alaric serves as a general of "fmederati" (Gothic irregulars) in this campaign.
0395 Roman emperor Theodosius dies leaving the empire to be divided between his imbecile sons, Arcadius and Honorius, the former taking the eastern and the latter the western portion, and each under the control of a minister who bitterly hates the minister of the other.
0395 Rome relinquishes control over Palestine to the Byzantine empire.
0395 - 0396 Alaric invades Greece.
0400? Alaric makes his first invasion of Italy with another Gothic chieftain named Radagaisus.
0402 The Emperor of Rome flees to Ravenna, a strongly fortified seaport.
0402 April 6, Easter Day, Stilicho battles Alaric at Pollentia (a Roman municipality in what is now Piedmont).  Rome gains a costly victory.
0403? Alaric quits Italy.
0404 Honorius suppresses Gladiatorial shows.
0408 September After crossing the Julian Alps, Alaric stands before the walls of Rome, now with no capable general like Stihcho to defend her.  He begins a strict blockade.
0409 Alaric institutes a second siege and blockade of Rome.  He comes to terms with the senate, and with their consent sets up a rival emperor (rivaling Honorius) and invests the prefect of the city, a Creek named Attalus, with the diadem and the purple robe.
0410 August 24 Alaric and his Goths burst into Rome by the Salarian gate on the north-east of the city, and she who was of late the mistress of the world lay at the feet of the barbarians.
0410 Alaric the Visigoth requires 10,000 pounds of pepper as a ransom from Rome.
0410 Alaric, King of the Western Goths, destroys Rome.
0412 Alaric begins to extract 200 pounds of pepper as an annual tribute from Rome.
0414 Peter the Reader clubs the female philosopher Hypatia to death in a church in Alexandria.  This ends the age of scientific inquiry begun by the Ptolomies.
0418 The Romans collect all the gold in Brittain.  Some of this they bury, and some they take to Gaul.
0423 Theodosius the younger becomes emperor of Rome.
0429 Pope Celesrinus sends Bishop Palladius to the Scots to convert them.
0430 Pope Celestinus sends Patricius (St.  Patrick) to preach baptism to the Scots.
0435 The Goths sack Rome, putting an end to Roman rule in Brittain.
0443 The Britons send to Rome for assistance against the Picts.  The Romans cannot help because they are at war with Atila the Hun.  The Britons then send to the Angles requesting the same from the nobles of that nation.
0444 St.  Martin dies.
0449 Marcian and Valentinian become emperors of Rome.
0449 Vortigern (or Wurtgern), king of the Britons, sends to the Angles for help against the Picts.  Hengest and Horsa respond.  They arrive at Wippidsfleet (Ipwinesfleet) in three ceols.  The king directs them to fight against the Picts.  They do so, and obtain victory whereever they go.  Then they send to the Angles describing the worthlessness of the Britons, and the richness of the land.  The Angles respond with more support.
0451 Merovech, one of the earliest kings of the Franks, helps the Romans in the battle of the Catalaunian fields, where they defeat the Huns near Chalons-sur-Marne in France.
0452 Attila destroys ALTINUM (mod. Altino).  Its inhabitants take refuge in the islands of the lagoons, forming settlements from which Venice eventually springs.
0455 Hengest and Horsa battle Wurtgern at Aylesford.  Horsa is killed.
0457 Hengest and his son, Esc, fight the Britons at Crayford.  They kill four thousand men.  The Britons forsake Kent, and flee to London in great consternation.
0465 Hengest and Esc fight with the Welsh near Wippedfleet.  They kill twelve Welsh leaders and lose a thane named Wipped.
0471 An eruption of Mt.  Vesuvius completely destroys Herculaneum and Pompei.  Ashes fall over a great portion of Europe.
0473 Hengest and Esc fight with the Welsh, and take immense Booty.  The Welsh flee the English like fire.
0475 Odoacer, commander of a regiment of the German mercenaries, who wanted the farms of Italy to be divided among themselves, gently but effectively pushed Romulus Augustulus, the last of the Roman emperors who ruled the western division from his throne, and proclaimed himself Patriarch or ruler of Rome.
0476 Rome ceases to exist.
0476 Zeno, the Isaurian, burns 120,000 volumes in the city of Constantinople.
0477 Ella and his three sons, Cymen, Wlenking, and Cissa, land in three ships at Cymenshore.  They kill many Welsh there, and drive others into the wood called Andred'sley.
0485 Ella fights with the Welsh near Mecred's Burnsted.
0485 ALARIC II succeeds his father, Euric (Evaric).  He is eighth king of the Goths in Spain.  His dominions include the whole of Spain except its north-western corner, and Aquitaine and the greater part of Provence.
0488 Esc ascends the throne of Kent, and rules for twenty-four winters.
0490 Ella and Cissa besiege the city of Andred, and kill every Briton inside.
0495 Cerdic and his son, Cynric, arrive in Britain with five ships at a place called Cerdic's Ore.  They fight with the Welsh the same day.
0496 The Francs defeat the Alemanni.
0500? Honeybees are domesticated in Europe.
0501 Porta and his two sons, Beda and Mela, arrive with two ships off Portsmouth.  They soon land, and kill a young Briton of very high rank on the spot.
0507 Clovis (King of the Franks) meets Alaric II in battle at   the Campus Vogladensis, near Poitiers.  The Goths are defeated.  Alaric II takes flight.  He is overtaken and killed, it is said, by Clovis himself.
0508 Cerdic and Cynric kill a British king named Natanleod and five thousand men.
0509 St.  Benedict dies.
0514 the West Saxons enter Britain with three ships at Cerdic's Ore.  Stuff and Wihtgar fight the Britons, and put them to flight.
0519 Cerdic and Cynric become the kings of the West Saxons.  They fight the Britons at Charford, and set up the West Saxon dynasty.
0527 Cerdic and Cynric fight the Britons at Cerdic's Ley.
0528 June 21 At 12:03pm gmt the only total eclipse of the sun in the first half of the sixth century in England occurs (according to Mark Twain).
0529 Justinian closes the Museum of Alexandria.
0530 Cerdic and Cynric take the isle of Wight, and kill many men in Carisbrook.  This they give to their two nephews, Stuff and Wihtgar.
0534 Cerdic, the first king of the West  Saxons, dies.  Cynric succeeds him, and rules for 26 winters.
0535 There is apparently a very violent eruption of Krakatau, in Indonesia.
0538 the sun is eclipsed fourteen days before the calends (day of the new moon) of March, from before morning until nine.
0540 The sun is eclipsed on the twelfth day before the calends of July, and the stars show themselves untill nearly 9:30.
0540 The Persians raid Beroea (now Aleppo).
0542 Justinian's Plague breaks out.  It lasts about 50 years and kills about 100 million people.
0544 Wihtgar dies, and is buried at Carisbrook.
0547 Ida begins his reign, and rules the Northumbrians for twelve years.
0550? Two Persian monks, who have long resided in China, and made themselves acquainted with the mode of rearing the silkworm, succeed in carrying the eggs of the insect to Constantinople.
0551 The old Phoenician town of Berytus is completely demolished by an earthquake.
0552 Cynric puts the Britons to flight at Sarum.
0556 Cynric and Ceawlin fight the Britons at Beranbury.
0560 Ceawlin ascends the West Saxon throne.  Ida dies.  Ella ascends the Northumbrian throne.
0560? aTHELBERHT, king of Kent, son of Eormenric, comes to the throne.
0565 Columba the presbyter comes among the Britons from the Scots to instruct the Picts.  He builds a monastery in the island of Hii.
0568 Ceawlin and his brother, Cutha, fight Ethelbert, and pursue him into Kent.  They kill two aldermen, Oslake and Cnebba, at Wimbledon.
0570-0571 Smallpox breaks out in Arabia.
0571 Cuthulf fights the Britons at Bedford, and takes the towns of Lenbury, Aylesbury, Benson, and Ensham.  Cuthulf dies.
0577 Cuthwin and Ceawlin fight the Britons.  They kill Commail, Condida, and Farinmail, three kings, at Derham, taking from them the cities of Gloucester, Cirencester, and Bath.
0581 the Swi dynasty gains power in China.
0581 summer, Mohammed (Halibi), aged 12, arrives in Bozrah.  He is in the company of his uncle, Abou Taleb, who is leading a camel caravan from Mecca.  They are hospitably received and entertained at the Nestorian convent, where Mohammed meets Bahira, one of the monks.  Bahira spares no pains to secure Mohammed's conversion from the idolatry in which he has been brought up.
0583 Mauricius becomes emperor of Rome.
0584 Ceawlin and Cutha fight the Britons at Fretherne.  There Cutha is killed, but Ceawlin takes many towns, as well as immense booty and wealth.  He then retreats to his own people.
0588 Ella dies.  Ethelric ascends the throne, and rules five years.
0590 or 0592 Gregory becomes pope.  By the time he leaves office, all of western Europe has come to recognize the Pope as head of the church.
0590 Chosroes, the lawful heir to the Persian throne, is compelled to seek refuge in the Byzantine Empire.  He obtains the aid of the Emperor Maurice.
0591 A great slaughter of Britons takes place at Wanborough.  Ceawlin is driven from his kingdom, and Ceolric reigns for six years.
0593 Ceawlin, Cwichelm, and Cryda die.  Ethelfrith ascends the Northumbrian throne.
0593 Athelfrith, king of Northumbria, is said to have come to the throne in this year.
0595 Mohammed marries a spice-rich widow.
0596 Pope Gregory sends Augustine to Britain with very many monks to preach the word of God to the English people.
0597 Augustine and his companions arrive in England.  Ceolwulf ascends the West Saxon throne, and constantly fights and conquers the Angles, Welsh, Picts, and Scots.
0601 Pope Gregory sends the pall (pallium?) to Archbishop Augustine in Britain, with very many learned doctors to assist him.  Bishop Paulinus converts Edwin, king of the Northumbrians, to baptism.
0603 Aethan (or Aeden), King of Scots, fights the Dalreathians (Dalreods) and Ethelfrith, king of the North Umbrians, at Daegsanstane (Dawston?).  There Theodbald, Ethelfrith's brother, and all his band are killed, but Aethan  loses almost all his army.
0604 Augustine consecrates Bishops Mellitus and Justus.  Ethelbert gives Mellitus the bishopric of London, and Justus the bishopric of Rochester.
0606 Pope Gregory dies.
0607 Ceolwulf fights the South Saxons.  Ethelfrith leads his army to Chester, where he kills an innumerable number of Welsh.  The Welsh leader, Brocmail, escapes with about 50 men.  This is seen as the fulfillment of the prophecy of Augustine, who said, "If the Welsh will not have peace with us, they shall perish at the hands of the Saxons."
0611 Chosroes II occupies Beroea (now Aleppo).
0611 Cynegils ascends the Wessex throne, and rules for 31 winters.
0614 Cynegils and Cwichelm fight at Bampton, and kill 2,046 Welsh.
0616 February 2 Laurentius dies, and is buried near Augustine.  He was archbishop in Kent after Augustine.
0616 Ethelbert dies.  He was the first English king to be baptized.  His son, Eadbald, succeeds him on the Kentish throne.  Eadbald renounces his baptism, lives in a heathen manner, and marries his father's widow.  Laurentius, archbishop of Kent, persuades him to return to Christianity.
0617 Redwald, king of the East Angles, kills Ethelfrith, king of the Northumbrians.  Edwin, son of Ella, ascends the Northumbrian throne.  Edwin subdues all of Britain except for Kent.  He drives out the Ethelings, the sons of Ethelfrith, namely Enfrid, Oswald, Oswy, Oslac, Oswood, Oslaf, and Offa.
0618 The Tong dynasty of China lasts until 0907.
0622 Mohammed flees Mecca for Medina.  This event is called the "hegira."
0624 Archbishop Mellitus dies.
0625 on the twelfth day before the calends of August, Archbishop Justus invests (consecrates) Paulinus bishop of the Northumbrians.
0626 on the eve of Pentecost, Eanfleda is baptized.
0626 Penda, aged 50, ascends the throne, and rules for 30 winters.
0626 Eamer arrives from Cwichelm, king of the West Saxons, with orders to assassinate King Edwin.  He kills Lilla, Edwin's thane, and Forthere, and wounds Edwin.  The same night a daughter, Eanfleda, is born to King Edwin.  Edwin promises to devote his daughter to God if Paulinus can get God to help him destroy Cwichelm.  Edwin advances against the West Saxons with an army, fells five kings on the spot, and kills many of their men.
0627 Pope Honorius succeeds Pope Boniface, and sends Paulinus the pall.
0627  A Roman abbot, Dionysius Exiguus, or Dennis the Less, fixes the vulgar era and gives Europe its present Christian chronology.
0627 April 12, Easter, Paulinus baptizes King Edwin and all his people at York.  There Edwin had given Paulinus the bishopric and built a wooden church, which had been hallowed in the name of St.  Peter.  Edwin later orders a larger church to be built there of stone.
0627 November 10 Archbishop Justus dies.  Paulinus consecrates Honorius Archbishop of Canterbury at Lincoln, and Pope Honorius sends him the pall.
0628 Cynegils and Cwichelm fight with Penda at Cirencester, after which they enter into a treaty there.
0632 June 7 Mohammed dies suddenly of a fever.
0632 Orpwald is baptized.
0633 October 14 Cadwalla and Penda kill Edwin and his son, Osfrid, on Hatfield moor.  Then they ravage all the land of the Northumbrians.  Paulinus takes Ethelburga, the widow of Edwin, by ship to Kent.  Eadbald and Honorius receive him very honourably, and give him the bishopric of Rochester, where he continues till his death.
0634 Osric, whom Paulinus baptized, becomes ruler of Deira.  He is the son of Elfric, uncle of Edwin.  Eanfrith, son of Ethelfrith, succeeds to the throne of Bernicia.  Pope Honorius orders Bishop Birinus to preach baptism to the West Saxons, then under King Cynegils.  This is the first time baptism has ever been preached to the West Saxons.  Birinus remains bishop there to the end of his life.  Oswald succeeds to the Northumbrian throne, and reigns for nine winters.
0635 Bishop Birinus baptizes King Cynegils at Dorchester.  Oswald, king of the Northumbrians, is his sponsor.
0636 King Cwichelm is baptized at Dorchester, and dies the same year.  Bishop Felix preaches to the East Angles.
0638 The Saracens overwhelm Beroea (now Aleppo).  The name, Beroea, disappears, and as Moslem society settles down "Halep" emerges again as the great gathering-place of caravans passing from Asia Minor and Syria to Mesopotamia, Bagdad and the Persian and Indian kingdoms.
0638 The Arabs capture Ptolemais.
0639 Birinus baptizes King Cuthred at Dorchester, and receives him as his son.
0640 Eadbald, King of Kent, dies after a reign of 25 winters.  His son, Erkenbert, ascends the throne.Erkenbert overturns all the idols in the kingdom, and institutes a fast before Easter.  He is the first of English kings to do so.
0642 The Saracens take Alexandria, and use the books of the Pergamus library of Serapion as fuel with which to stoke the public baths.  By this time a large part of the collection has already been destroyed, but there are still so many that it takes six months to burn all of them in this manner.
0642 August 5 Penda, King of the South Umbrians, kills Oswald, king of the Northumbrians, at Mirfield.  He is buried at Bardney.  His brother, Oswy, ascends the Northumbrian throne, and rules for something under 30 years.
0643 Kenwal, son of Cynegils, ascends the West Saxon throne, and rules for 31 winters.  He orders the old church to be built at Winchester in the name of St.  Peter.
0644 October 10 Paulinus dies at Rochester.  He was Archbishop, first at York, and then at Rochester.  The son of Oswy's uncle (Oswin), the son of Osric, assumed the government of Deira, and reigned seven winters.
0645 King Penda drives King Kenwal from his dominion.
0646 King Kenwal is baptized.
0646? Caliph Othman deprives `Amr of the government of Alexandria.
0648 Kenwal gives his relation, Cuthred, three thousand hides of land by Ashdown.
0650 Birinus dies, and is succeeded by Egelbert, of Gaul (Agilbert the Frenchman), as bishop of the West Saxons.
0651 August 31  Bishop Aidan dies.
0651 August 20 King Oswin is killed.
0652 Kenwal fights at Bradford by the Avon.
0653 The Middle Angles receive Christianity under alderman Peada.
0654 King Anna is killed.  Botolph begins to build that minster at Icanhoe.
0654 September 30 Archbishop Honorius dies.
0655 March 26 Ithamar, Bishop of Rochester, consecrates Deus-dedit Archbishop of Canterbury.
0655 Penda is killed at Wingfield.  Thirty royal personages die with him, some of whom are kings.  One of these is Ethelhere, brother of Anna, king of the East Angles.  The Mercians become Christians, and Peada, son of Penda, assumes rule over them.  He and Oswy, brother of King Oswald, lay the foundations of Medhamsted Minster.
0656 during Easter, Peada is betrayed by his own queen, and killed.  Wulfhere, son of Penda, succeeds as King of the Mercians.
0658 Kenwal fights the Welsh at Pen, and pursues them to the Parret.  This battle is fought after his return from East Anglia, where he was in exile for three years.  Penda had driven him thither and deprived him of his kingdom, because he had discarded his sister.
0660 Bishop Egelbert departs from Kenwal.  Wina holds the bishopric three years.  Egbert accepts the bishopric of Paris, in Gaul, by the Seine.
0661 Easter, Kenwal fights at Pontesbury.  Wulfere, son of Penda, pursues him as far as Ashdown.  Cuthred, son of Cwichelm, and King Kenbert die.  Wulfere, son of Penda, penetrates the Isle of Wight, and transferrs the inhabitants to Ethelwald, king of the South Saxons, because Wulfere has adopted him in baptism.  Eoppa, a mass-priest, by command of Wilfrid and King Wulfere, is the first to bring baptism to the people of the Isle of Wight.
0664 May 11 the sun is eclipsed.  Erkenbert, King of Kent, dies.  His son, Egbert, becomes king.  Colman and his companions return to their own country.  A great plague occurs in Britain.  Bishop Tuda dies of the plague, and is buried at Wayleigh.  Chad and Wilferth are consecrated.  Archbishop Deus-dedit dies.
0667 Oswy and Egbert send Wighard, a priest, to be consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury at Rome.  He dies as soon as he reaches Rome.
0668 Theodore is consecrated archbishop, and sent into Britain.
0668 The kingdom of Sila unifies much of the Korean Peninsula with the help of the Chinese.
0669 King Egbert gives Reculver to Bass, a mass-priest, to build a minster upon.
0670 on the fifteenth day before the calends of March, Oswy, King of Northumberland, dies.  His son, Egferth, ascends the throne.  Lothere, the nephew of Bishop Egelbert, succeeds to the bishopric over the land of the West-Saxons, and holds it seven years.  He was consecrated by Archbishop Theodore.
0671 A great destruction occurs among the fowls.
0672 King Cenwal dies.  Sexburga, his queen, holds the government one year after him.
0673 Egbert, King of Kent, dies.  There is a synod at Hertford.  St.  Etheldritha begins the monastery at Ely.
0674 Escwin succeeds to the Wessex throne.
0675 Athelred, king of Mercia, succeeds his brother, Wulfhere.
0675 Wulfere and Escwin fight at Bedwin.  Wulfere dies, and Ethelred succeeds him as King of the Mercians.
0676 Athelred raveges Kent with fire and sword, destroying the monasteries and churches and taking Rochester.
0676 Hedda succeeds to his bishopric.  Escwin dies, and Centwin obtains the rule of the West Saxons.  Ethelred, king of the Mercians, overruns Kent.
0678 August A comet appears, and shines every morning for three months like a sunbeam.  King Everth drives Bishop Wilfrid from his bishopric.  Two bishops are consecrated in his stead, Bosa over the Deirians, and Eata over the Bernicians.  Eadhed is consecrated bishop over the people of Lindsey, being the first in that division.
0679 Elwin is killed by the river Trent, on the spot where Everth and Ethelred fought.  St.  Etheldritha dies.  The monastery of Coldingiham is destroyed by fire from heaven.
0680 Archbishop Theodore convenes a synod at Hatfield to rectify the belief of Christ.  Hilda, Abbess of Whitby, dies.
0681 Trumbert is consecrated Bishop of Hexham, and Trumwin bishop of the Picts, who are now subject to this country.  Centwin pursues the Britons to the sea.
0684 Everth sends an army against the Scots under the command of his alderman, Bright, who plunders and burns the churches of God.
0685 first day of Easter, Archbishop Theodore consecrates Cuthbert Bishop of Hexham at York on King Everth's command.  Trumbert had been deprived of that see.
0685 on the 13th day before the calends of June, Everth is killed beside the north sea, and a large army with him.  His brother, Elfrith, succeeds him.  Ceadwall begins to struggle for a kingdom.  Lothhere, King of Kent, dies.  John is consecrated Bishop of Hexham, where he remains till Wilferth is restored.  In Britain there is a bloody rain, and milk and butter are turned to blood.
0686 Ceadwall and his brother Mull spread devastation in Kent and the Isle of Wight.
0687 Mull and twelve other men are consigned to the flames in Kent.  Ceadwall overruns the kingdom of Kent.
0688 Ceadwall (Caedwalla) goes to Rome, where Pope Sergius baptizes him and names him Peter.  Seven nights afterward, on the twelfth day before the calends of May, he dies in his baptismal garments, and is buried in the church of St.  Peter.  Ina succeeds him, and rules the kingdom of Wessex (kingdom of the West Saxons) for 27 (or 37?) winters.
0690 Archbishop Theodore dies, and is buried within the city of Canterbury.
0693 on the fifth day before the nones of July, Godwin, bishop of the Gauls, consecrates Bertwald archbishop.  Before this Bertwald was abbot of Reculver.  Bertwald becomes the first English archbishop.  Gifmund, Bishop of Rochester, dies, and Bertwald consecrates Tobias to replace him.  Dryhtelm dies.
0694 The people of Kent give Ina 30,000 pounds "in friendship" to settle for the burning of his brother, Mull.  Wihtred succeeds to the throne of Kent, and rules for 33 winters.  He decrees that none but the Archbishop shall appoint persons to church positions.
0697 The Southumbrians kill Ostritha, queen of Ethelred, sister of Everth.
0699 The Picts kill Alderman Burt.
0700? Usmal begins to flourish.  It is the largest, and probably the most powerful, of Maya Puk cities.
0700 General Tarik crosses the gates of Hercules to whath he calls Gibel-al-tarik, the Hill of Tarik, or Gibraltar.
0702 Kenred becomes king of the Southumbrians.
0703 Bishop Hedda dies.  He was Bishop of Winchester for twenty-seven winters.
0704 After ruling for 29 winters, Ethelred, the son of Penda, King of Mercia, enters into a monastic life.  He is succeeded by Cenred.
0704 The Arabs are thought to have acquired knowledge of making paper from cotton by their conquests in Tartary.
0705 On the 19th day before the calends of January, Ealdferth, king of the Northumbrians, dies at Driffield.  He is succeeded by his son, Osred.  Bishop Saxulf dies.
0706? A cotton paper factory is established at Samarkand.
0710 Alderman Bertfrith fights the Picts between Heugh and Carau.  Ina and his relative, Nun, fight Grant, king of the Welsh.  Hibbald is killed.
0711 General Tarik defeats the king of the Visigoths in the battle of Xeres de la Frontera.
0714 Guthlac the holy and King Pepin die.
0715 Ina and Ceolred fight at Wanborough.  King Dagobert dies.
0716 Athelbald, king of Mercia, succeeds Ceolred.
0716 Osred, king of the Northumbrians, is killed near the southern borders.  Cenred succeeds him.  Ceolred, king of the Mercians, dies, and is buried at Lichfield.  Ethelred, son of Penda, dies, and is buried at Bardney.  Ethelbald succeeds to the kingdom of Mercia, and holds it 41 winters.
0718 Ingild dies.  He was the brother of Ina.
0722 Queen Ethelburga destroys Taunton, which Ina built.  Ealdbert wanders a wretched exile in Surrey and Sussex.  Ina fights the South Saxons.
0725 On the 9th day before the calends of May, Wihtred, King of Kent, dies after ruling 32 winters.  He is succeeded by Eadbert.  Ina fights the South Saxons, and kills Ealdbert, the etheling, whom he drove into exile before.
0727 Tobias dies, and Bertwald consecrates Aldulf to replace him.
0728 Ina goes to Rome, where he dies.  He is succeeded by his relative, Ethelhard, who rules Wessex for 14 years.  Ethelhard fights Oswald the etheling.
0729 June 10 Tatwine, once a priest at Bredon, in Mercia, is consecrated archbishop by Daniel Bishop of Winchester, Ingwald Bishop of London, Aldwin Bishop of Lichfield, and Aldulf Bishop of Rochester.
0729 Emperor Shomu gives tea to one hundred monks at his palace in Nara.
0729 A comet appears.  St.  Egbert dies in Iona.  Oswald the etheling dies.  Osric is killed after ruling Northumberland eleven years.  He is succeeded by Ceolwulf, who rules for eight years.  Archbishop Bertwald dies on the ides of January.
0732 The Frankish chieftain, Charles Martel (Charles with the Hammer) defeats the Moslems in a battle between Tours and Poitiers.  The Moslems retreat to Spain.
0733 Ethelbald takes Somerton.  The sun is eclipsed.  Acca is driven from his bishopric.
0734 The moon appears to be covered with blood.  Archbishop Tatwine and Bede die.  Egbert is consecrated bishop.
0735 Bishop Egbert receives the pall at Rome.
0736 Archbishop Nothelm receives the pall from the Roman bishop.
0737 Bishop Forthere and Queen Frithogitha go to Rome.  King Ceolwulf receives the clerical tonsure, giving his kingdom to Edbert, his uncle's son, who rules 21 winters.  Bishop Ethelwold and Acca die.  Cynewulf is consecrated bishop.  Ethelbald ravages the land of the Northumbrians.
0738 Eadbery succeeds to the Northumbrian kingdom, and rules for 21 winters.
0740 King Ethelhard dies.  He is succeeded by his relative, Cuthred, who rules the West Saxon kingdom for 14 winters.  York burns.
0743 The stone bridge at Adana is restored and named after Jisr al-Walid, an Omayyad caliph.
0743 Ethelbald, king of Mercia, and Cuthred, king of the West-Saxons, fight the Welsh.
0744 There is a meteor shower.
0746 King Selred is killed.
0748 Cynric, etheling of the West Saxons, is killed.  Edbert, King of Kent, dies.  He is succeeded by Ethelbert, son of King Wihtred.
0750 Cuthred, king of the West Saxons, fights the proud chief Ethelhun.
0752 Cuthred puts Ethelbald, king of the Mercians, to flight at Burford.
0753 Cuthred fights the Welsh.
0754 Cuthred dies.  He is succeeded by his relative, Sebright, who rules one year.  Canterbury burns.
0755 Cynewulf, with the consent of the West Saxon council, deprives his relative, Sebright (Sigebert), of his kingdom for unrighteous deeds.
0757 Eadbert, king of the Northumbrians, receives the tonsure.  He is succeeded by his son, Osulf, who rules for one year.  Osulf is murdered by his own domestics on the ninth day before the kalends of August.
0758 Archbishop Cuthbert dies.
0759 Bregowin is invested archbishop at Michaelmas, and continues four years.  Mull Ethelwold succeeds to the Northumbrian kingdom, holds it six winters, and then resigns it.
0760 Ethelbert, King of Kent, dies.
0761 Severe winter.
0761 on the eighth day before the ides of August, Mull, king of the Northumbrians, kills Oswin at Edwin's Cliff.
0762 Mansur, Caliph of the Abassid dynasty, founds Bagdad.
0762 Archbishop Bregowin dies.
0763 On the 40rd day over midwinter, Eanbert is invested archbishop.
0763 On the nones of May, Frithwald, Bishop of Whitern, dies.
0764 Archbishop Eanbert receives the pall.
0765 Alred becomes king of the Northumbrians, and rules eight winters.
0766 On the 13th day before the calends of December, Archbishop Egbert dies at York.
0768 Charles, commonly known as Carolus Magnus or Char-lemagne, succeeds Pepin on the Frankish throne.
0768 On the 14th day before the calends of September, King Eadbert, the son of Eata, dies.
0775 Cynewulf and Offa fight near Bensington, and Offa takes possession of the town.
0778 On the eleventh day before the calends of April, Ethelbald and Herbert kill three  high-sheriffs -- Eldulf, the son of Bosa, at Coniscliff; Cynewulf and Eggo at Helathyrn.  Elwald banishes Ethelred from his territory, seizes his kingdom, and rules ten winters.
0780 A battle is fought between the Old-Saxons and the Franks.
0780 On the 9th day before the calends of January, the high-sheriffs of Northumbria commit Alderman Bern to the flames at Silton.
0782 Harun al-Rashid founds a castle at Adana.
0782 Werburga, Queen of Ceolred, dies.
0784 Cyneard kills King Cynewulf.  Cyneard and 84 men are killed.  Bertric takes the West Saxon throne, and rules sixteen years.
0787 King Bertric marries Edburga, the daughter of Offa.
0789 on the eleventh day before the calends of October, Siga kills Elwald, king of the Northumbrians.  He is succeeded by his nephew, Osred, the son of Alred.
0790 Archbishop Eanbert dies, and Abbot Ethelherd is chosen archbishop.  Osred, king of the Northumbrians, is betrayed and banished from his kingdom, and Ethelred, the son of Ethelwald, succeeds him.
0792 Offa, King of Mercia, commands that King Ethelbert shall be beheaded.  0792  On the 18th day before the calends of October, Osred, who had been king of the Northumbrians, returning home after his exile, is apprehended and killed.
0792 On the 3rd day before the calends of October, Ethelred takes a new wife named Elfleda.
0793 on the sixth day before the ides of January, the heathen (Danes?) attack Holy island, where they pillage and slaughter.
0793 The Northumbrians are terrified by immense sheets of light rushing through the air, whirlwinds, and fiery dragons flying across the sky.  A great famine soon follows.
0793 On the 8th day before the calends of March, Siga dies.
0794 On the calends of August, Alderman Ethelherd dies.
0794 on the thirteenth day before the calends of May, Ethelred, king of the Northumbrians, is killed by his own people.
0794 The heathen armies spread devastation among the Northumbrians, and plunder the monastery of King Everth at the mouth of the Wear, where some of their leaders are killed.  Some of their ships are shattered to pieces by the violence of the weather, and many of the crew are drowned.  Some escape alive to the shore, and these are soon dispatched at the mouth of the river.
0794 Eadbert, whose other name is Pryn, becomes king of Kent.
0794 Pope Adrian dies.
0794 On the 4th day before the ides of August, Offa, King of Mercia dies after ruling forty winters.  He is succeeded by Everth, who dies before the end of the year.
0795 On the 5th day before the calends of April, the moon is eclipsed between cock-crowing and dawn.
0795 On the 7th day before the calends of Jun, Archbishop Eanbald, and Bishops Ethelbert, Hibbald, and Baldulf consecrate Erdulf and raise him to his throne at York.
0795 On the second before the ides of May, Erdulf succeeds to the Northumbrian throne.
0796 Harun al-Rashid rebuilds ANAZARBUS.
0796 on the fourth before the kalends of August, Offa, king of the Mercians, dies after ruling forty years.
0796 On the fourth day before the ides of August, Archbishop Eanbald dies, and is buried at York.
0796 Cynewulf, King of Mercia, makes inroads upon the inhabitants of Kent as far as the marsh.  The Mercians seize Edbert Pryn, King of Kent, lead him bound into Mercia, and allow men to pick out his eyes and cut off his hands.
0798 During Lent, on the fourth day before the nones of April, a severe battle is fought in the Northumbrian territory, at Whalley.  In this battle, Alric, son of Herbert, is killed, and many others with him.
0799 December Charlemagne restores Pope Leo III to his Lateran palace in Rome.
0799 Archbishop Ethelbert and Cynbert, Bishop of Wessex, go to Rome.  Siric, king of the East Saxons, goes to Rome.
0800 Charlemagne is crowned Emperor of Rome.
0800 Egbert succeeds to the West-Saxon throne.  On the same day, Ethelmund, alderman of the Wiccians, rides over the Thames at Kempsford.  There he is met by Alderman Woxtan, with the men of Wiltshire, and a terrible conflict ensues.  Both commanders are killed.  The men of Wiltshire are victorious.
0800 On the seventeenth day before the calends of February, the moon is eclipsed at eight in the evening.  Soon after this, King Bertric and Alderman Worr die.
0801 the monk  Saicho returns to Japan with some tea seeds and plants them in Yeisan.
0802 On the thirteenth day before the calends of January, The moon is eclipsed at dawn.
0803 Archbishop Ethelherd dies in Kent, and Wulfred is chosen archbishop in his stead.
0804 Archbishop Wulfred receives his pall.
0805 King Cuthred dies in Kent.
0806 Erdwulf, king of the Northumbrians, is banished from his dominions.
0806 On Wednesday, the next day before the nones of June, a cross is seen in the moon at dawn.
0806 On the third day before the calends of September, a wonderful circle is displayed about the sun.
0806 September 1 The moon is eclipsed.
0807 On the seventeenth day before the calends of August, at precisely eleven in the morning, the sun is eclipsed.
0812 Emperor Charlemagne dies after a reign of 45 winters.  Archbishop Wulfred and Bishop Wigbert, of Wessex, undertake a journey to Rome.
0813 Archbishop Wulfred returns with the blessing of Pope Leo.  King Egbert spreads devastation from east to west in Cornwall.
0814 Pope Leo dies.  He is succeeded by Stephen.
0816 Pope Stephen dies.  Paschalis succeeds him.  The school of the English nation is destroyed by fire at Rome.
0819 Cenwulf, King of Mercia, dies.  Ceolwulf succeeds him.  Alderman Eadbert dies.
0821 Ceolwulf is deprived of his kingdom.
0822 Burhelm and Mucca, two aldermen, are killed.  A synod is held at Cliff's Hoo.
0823 A battle is fought between the Welsh in Cornwall and the people of Devonshire at Camelford.  Egbert, king of the West Saxons, and Bernwulf, King of Mercia, fight a battle at Wilton.  Egbert gains the victory, but there is great slaughter on both sides.  Egbert then sends his son, Ethelwulf, into Kent with a large detachment from the main body of the army.  Ethelwulf drives King Baldred northward over the Thames.  The men of Kent immediately submitted to him.  Likewise the inhabitants of Surrey, Sussex, and Essex, who had been unlawfully kept from their allegiance by his relatives.  The king of the East Angles and his subjects beseech King Egbert to give them peace and protection against the terror of the Mercians.  They kill the Mercian king, Bernwulf.
0825 Athelwulf is sent with Eahlstan, bishop of Sherborne, and the ealdorman Wulfheard, to drive out Baldred, king of Kent, which is successfully accomplished.
0825 Ludecan, King of Mercia, and his five aldermen are killed.  Wiglaf succeeds him.
0827 Midwinter's Mass night, The moon is eclipsed.  King Egbert conquers the Mercian kingdom and all that is south of the Humber.  He is the eighth king who is sovereign of all the British dominions.  Ella, king of the South Saxons, was the first who possessed so large a territory.  The second was Ceawlin, king of the West Saxons.  The third was Ethelbert, King of Kent.  the fourth was Redwald, king of the East Angles.  The fifth was Edwin, king of the Northumbrians.  the sixth was Oswald, who succeeded him.  The seventh was Oswy, the brother of Oswald.  The eighth was Egbert, king of the West Saxons.
0828 Wiglaf recovers his Mercian kingdom.  Bishop Ethelwald dies.  King Egbert leads an army against the people of North Wales, and compells them all to peaceful submission.
0828  The Saracenic chief, Al-Kamuk, founds ALCAMO, a town of Sicily.  He erected the castle, which still stood in the 20th century.
0829 Sunday June 11  Archbishop Feologild is consecrated.
0829 April 25 Abbot Feologild is chosen to replace Archbishop Wulfred.
0829 August 13 Archbishop Feologild dies.
0829 Archbishop Wulfred dies.
0830 Ceolnoth is chosen and consecrated to replace archbishop Feologild.
0831 Archbishop Ceolnoth receives the pall.
0832 The heathen danes overrun the Isle of Shepey.
0833 King Egbert fights thirty-five Danish pirates at Charmouth, where a great slaughter is made.  The Danes remain masters of the field.  Two bishops, Hereferth and Wigen, and two aldermen, Dudda and Osmod, die.
0835 A great Danish fleet arrives in West-Wales, where they are joined by the people, and commence war against Egbert, the West Saxon king.  When he hears this, he proceeds against them with his army, and fights them at Hengeston, where he puts both the Welsh and the Danes to flight.
0836 King Egbert dies.  He is the man who was driven out of England into France by Offa, King of Mercia, and Bertric, the West Saxon king, three years before he himself became king.  Bertric assisted Offa because he had married his daughter.  When Egbert returned, he ruled thirty-seven winters and seven months.  He is succeeded by his son, Ethelwulf.  Ethelwulf gives his son, Athelstan, the kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Surrey, and Sussex.
0837 Alderman Wulfherd fights with 33 pirates at Hamton.  He is victorious, but only after a great slaughter, and he dies before the end of the year.  Alderman Ethelhelm and the men of Dorsetshire fight the Danish army in Portland isle, and are able to put them to flight for a good while; but in the end, the Danes become masters of the field, and kill Ethelhelm.
0838 The Danes kill Alderman Herbert and many men among the Marshlanders.  They later kill many more in Lindsey, East Anglia, and Kent.
0839 aTHELWULF, king of the West Saxons, succeeds his father Ecgberht.
0839  There is great slaughter in London, Canterbury, and Rochester.
0840 Caliph Mutasim  rebuilds The stone bridge at Adana.
0840 King Ethelwulf fights 35 Danish ship's crews at Charmouth, but the Danes remain masters there.  Roman Emperor Louis dies.
0843 The treaty of Verdun is signed.
0845? The Isidorian Decretals are fabricated in the west of Gaul--a forgery containing about one hundred pretended decrees of the early popes, together with certain spurious writings of other church dignitaries and acts of synods.  This forgery produces an immense extension of papal power.
0845 Alderman Eanwulf, with the men of Somersetshire, and Bishop Ealstan, and Alderman Osric, with the men of Dorsetshire, fight the Danish army at the mouth of the Parret.  There, after making a great slaughter, they obtained victory.
0846? An insignificant Saracen expedition enters the Tiber and appears before the walls of Rome.  Too weak to force an entrance, it insults and plunders the precincts, sacrilegiously violating the tombs of St.  Peter and St.  Paul.  A silver alter is torn away from the church of St.  Peter and sent to Africa.
0851 Alderman Ceorl, with the men of Devonshire, fight the Danish army at Wemburg.  They obtain victory after making a great slaughter.  King Athelstan and Alderman Elchere fight in their ships, and slaughter a large army at Sandwich, in Kent, taking nine ships and dispersing the rest.  The Danes camp over winter in the Isle of Thanet for the first time.  350 ships enter the mouth of the Thames.  Their crews land, and storm Canterbury and London, putting Bertulf, king of the Mercians, and his army to flight.  Then they march southward over the Thames into Surrey.  Here the West Saxon army, headed by Ethelwulf and his son, Ethelbald, slaughters and defeats them at Ockley.
0853 Burhred, King of Mercia, and his council, ask King Ethelwulf to assist them to subdue North Wales.  He marches  an army over Mercia into North Wales, and makes all the inhabitants subject to him.  King Ethelwulf sends his son, Alfred, to Rome.  Pope Leo consecrates him king, and adopts him his spiritual son.  Elchere with the men of Kent and Huda with the men of Surrey fight the heathen army in the Isle of Thanet, and soon obtain the victory.  Both aldermen are killed, and Many are killed or drowned on both sides.  Burhred, the Mercian king, marries the daughter of Ethelwulf, king of the West Saxons.
0854 The danes camp over winter in the Isle of Shepey for the first time.  Ethelwulf gives a tenth of his land to the church.  He goes to Rome with great pomp, and remains there for a year.  Then he spends some time in France, and King Charles gives him his daughter, Judith, to be his queen.  After this he returns to his people, and they are glad to receive him.
0860 King Ethelbald dies, and is buried at Sherborn.  His brother, Ethelbert, succeeds to the whole kingdom, and holds it in good order and great tranquillity.
0861 Bishop Swithun (sainted) dies.
0862 three Norsemen, brothers, crossed the Baltic and founded three small dynasties.  Of the three brothers, only one, Rurik, lived for a number of years.  He took possession of the territory of his brothers, and twenty years after the arrival of this first Norseman, a Slavic state had been established with Kiev as its capital.
0863 Cyril (originally Constantine) and his brother, Methodius, proceed to Moravia from Constantinople for the purpose of converting the Slavonic inhabitants to Christianity.
0865 The danish army camps in the isle of Thanet.  They make peace with the men of Kent, who promise them money.  Then they steal up the country in the night, and overrun all of Kent eastward.
0866 Ethered, brother of Ethelbert, takes the West Saxon throne.  a large Danish army enters England.  They set up their winter quarters in East Anglia, where they are soon horsed.  The inhabitants make peace with them.
0867 From the East Angles, the Danish army crosses the mouth of the Humber to the Northumbrians, and takes York.  The Northumbrians experience a great deal of dissension among themselves.  They have deposed their rightful king, Osbert, and have admitted Aella, who has no natural claim to the throne.  Late in the year, they return to their allegiance.  They collect a vast force, beseige York, and breaking open the town, some of them enter.  Then the Danes commence an immense slaughter of the Northumbrians, some in York and some outside.  Both kings are killed on the spot.  The survivors then make peace with the Danish army.
0868 The Danes enter Mercia and take Nottingham, where they set up their winter quarters.  Burhred, king of the Mercians, with his council, asks Ethered, king of the West Saxons, and Alfred, his brother, for help against the Danes.  These lead the West Saxon army to Mercia, where they beseige Nottingham, but the Mercians make peace with the Danes, and there is no heavy fighting.
0869 The Danes return to York, and camp there for a year.
0870 The treaty of Mersen-on-the-Meuse is signed, apparently giving france to one of Charlemagne's sons and Germany to the other.
0870 The Danes ride over Mercia into East Anglia, and set up their winter quarters at Thetford.  King Edmund fights them in the winter, but he is killed by Hingwar and Hubba, the leaders of the Danes.  Then the danes overrun all that land, and destroy all the monasteries to which they come.  They attack Medhamsted, burning and breaking, and killing abbot and monks and everyone they can find there.  The monastery, which was quite rich, is reduced to nothing.  Archbishop Ceolnoth dies.  Ethered, Bishop of Witshire, is chosen Archbishop of Canterbury.
0871 The Danes enter Reading in Wessex.  Three nights later, two earls ride up, and are met by Alderman Ethelwulf at Englefield.  He defeats them, killing one.  About four nights after this, King Ethered and his brother, Alfred, lead their main army to Reading, where they engage the Danes.  There is much slaughter on both sides, and Alderman Ethelwulf dies, but the Danes keep possession of the field.  About four nights later, Ethered and Alfred attack the Danes on Ashdown, and the Danes are overcome.  About a fortnight after this, Ethered and Alfred fight the Danes at Basing, where they are defeated.  About two months later, Ethered and Alfred fight the Danes at Marden.  The Danes retreat at first, but then they gain the upper hand, and kill Bishop Heahmund and many other good men.  Then, in the summer, a vast Danish army arrives at Reading.  After Easter, Ethered dies, and is buried at Winburn-minster.  His brother, Alfred, takes the throne of Wessex, and makes peace with the Danes after many battles.
0872? Harald the Fairhaired becomes first king of Norway.
0872 The Danes move from Reading to London, and set up their winter quarters there.  The Mercians make peace with the Danes.
0873 The danes attack the Northumbrians, and set up their winter quarters at Torksey in Lindsey.  The Mercians again make peace with the Danes.
0874 Feeling unhappy under the dominion of Harold Harfraga (fine hair), a number of voluntary colonists  arrive in Iceland under the direction of Ingold.
0874 The Danes move from Lindsey to Repton, drive King Burhred out of the country, and take up their winter quarters there.  King Burhred flees to Rome.  Then they give the Mercian kingdom to Ceolwulf, an unwise thane.
0875 The Danes leave Repton.  Healfden advances with some of the Danish army against the Northumbrians, and sets up his winter quarters by the river Tine.  The Danes then subdue that land, and often invade the Picts and the Strathclydwallians.  The three kings, Guthrum, Oskytel, and Anwind, move from Repton to Cambridge with a vast army, and camp there for a year.  King Alfred puts to sea with an armed fleet in the summer.  He fights with seven pirate vessels, taking one and dispersing the others.
0876? Rolf the Ganger settles Normandy.
0876 Rolla penetrates Normandy with his army, and rules there fifty winters.  The Danes steal into Wareham, a fort of the West Saxons, and the king makes peace with them.  They give him as hostages those who are worthiest in their army,  and swear with oaths on the holy bracelet, which they would not before to any nation, that they would readily go out of his kingdom.  Then their cavalry steals by night into Exeter.  Healfden divides the land of the Northumbrians, eventually making them their harrowers and plowers.
0877 The Danish army enters Exeter from Wareham while the navy sails around westward.  The navy enters a great mist, and loses 120 ships at Swanwich.  King Alfred and his army ride after the Danish cavalry, but cannot overtake them before they enter the security of the fortress at Exeter.  There they give him as many hostages as he requires, swearing with solemn oaths to observe the strictest amity.  At harvest time, the Danish army enteres Mercia,  some of which they divide among themselves, and some of which they give to Ceolwulf.
0878 About mid-winter, after twelfth-night, the Danish army steals out to Chippenham, and rides over the land of the West Saxons.  There they settle, driving many of the people overseas and riding the rest down and subduing them.  Alfred uneasily seeks the woods and fastnesses of the moors with a little band of men.  In the winter, the brother of Ingwar and Healfden land in Wessex, in Devonshire, with 23 ships.  There he and 800 of his men and 40 of his army are killed, and the war flag, which they call the RAVEN, is taken.  During Easter, King Alfred and his little force raise a fortification at Athelney.  From there he assails the Danish army, assisted by that part of Somersetshire which is nighest to it.  Then, in the seventh week after Easter, he rides to Brixton by the eastern side of Selwood.  and there came out to meet him all the people of Somersersetshire, and Wiltshire, and that part of Hampshire which is on this side of the sea.  and they rejoiced to see him.  Then within one night he went from this retreat to Hey, and within one night after he proceeded to Heddington.  There he fights the whole Danish army, and puts them to flight, riding after them as far as the fortress, where he remains a fortnight.  Then the army gives him hostages with many oaths that they would go out of his kingdom.  They also tell him that their king will receive baptism.  Three weeks later, King Guthrum, attended by some thirty of the worthiest men that are in the army, come to him at Aller, which is near Athelney, and there the king becomes his sponsor in baptism.  His crisom-leasing is at Wedmor.  He is there twelve nights with the king, who honours him and his attendants with many presents.
0879 The Danish army moves from Chippenham to Cirencester, and camps there for a year.  A band of pirates assembles and remains at Fulham by the Thames.  The sun is eclipsed for an hour.
0879 The main sources of revenue in Canton are duties on salt and tea.  This fact, recorded by an Arabian traveler, is the first reference to tea in European writing.
0880 The Danish army moves from Cirencester into East Anglia, where they settle and divide the land.  The Danish army that had been encamped at Fulham  crosses the sea to Ghent, in Belgium, and camps there for one year.
0881 The Danes go higher up into Belgium, and the Franks fight with them.  There the Danes get horsed.
0882 The Danes go up along the Maese, far into Frankland, and camp there for a year.  King Alfred puts to sea with a fleet, and fights four Danish pirate vessels.  He takes two after killing their crews, and the crews of the other two surrender after getting severely cut up and wounded in the fray.
0883 The Danes go up the Scheldt to Conde, and camp there for a year.  Pope Marinus sends King Alfred the "lignum Domini".  Sighelm and Athelstan accompany King Alfred's alms to Rome and to St.  Thomas and St.  Bartholomew in India.  Then they camp against the Danish army at London, and there, with the favour of God, they are very successful after the performance of their vows.
0884 The Danes go up the Somne to Amiens, and remain there a year.
0885 The Danish army splits in two.  One part goes east, and the other part goes to Rochester.  The Danes beseige Rochester, and build another fortress around their own position, but the people defend the city until King Alfred arrives with his army.  Then the danes leave off the seige and take to their ships.  There they are provided with horses, and soon after, in the same summer, they go overseas again.  King Alfred sends a fleet from Kent into East Anglia.  As soon as they get to Stourmouth, they are met by sixteen pirate ships.  They fight with them, take all the ships, and kill the men.  As they return homeward with their booty, they meet a large fleet of pirate ships, and fight with them the same day, but the Danes had the victory.  Before midwinter, Charles, king of the Franks, is killed by a boar.
0886? Athelflaed (Ethelfleda), the "Lady of the Mercians," the eldest child of Alfred the Great, is married, to Athelred, earl of Mercia to whom Alfred entrusted the control of Mercia.
0886 The Danish army, which had been bent eastward, goes west, and proceeding upwards along the Seine, sets up its winter quarters in the city of Paris.  King Alfred fortifies the city of London, and the whole English nation turns to him, except that part of it which is held captive by the Danes.  He then commits the city to the care of Alderman Ethered, to hold it under him.
0887 The Danish army advances beyond the bridge at Paris, and then upwards, along the Seine, to the Marne,Then upwards on the Marne as far as Chezy.  In their two stations, there and on the Yonne, they remain for two winters.  Charles, king of the Franks, dies.  Alderman Ethelhelm leads the alms of the West Saxons and of King Alfred to Rome.
0888 Alderman Beeke conducts the alms of the West Saxons and of King Alfred to Rome.  Queen Ethelswith, who is the sister of King Alfred, dies on the way to Rome.  Ethered, Archbishop of Canterbury, and Alderman Ethelwold, die in one month.
0889 There is no journey to Rome except that King Alfred sent two messengers with letters.
0890 Abbot Bernhelm conducts the alms of the West Saxons and of King Alfred to Rome.  Guthrum dies.  He was king of the Northern men, and his baptismal name is Athelstan.  He was the godson of King Alfred, and he abode among the East-Angles, where he first established a settlement.  The Danish army moves from the Seine to Saint Lo, which is between the Bretons and the Franks.  The Bretons fight with them, defeat them, and drive them out into a river, in which many of them are drowned.  Plegmund is chosen Archbishop of Canterbury.
0891 Three Scots come to King Alfred from Ireland in a boat without oars.  They had stolen away from Ireland in order to live in a state of pilgrimage for the love of God, and had no destination.  Their boat is made of two and a half hides.  They had provisions for seven nights, within which they came to land in Cornwall, and soon went to King Alfred.  Their names are Dubslane, Macbeth, and Maelinmun.
0891 After Easter, about the gang-days or before, a comet appears.
0891 The Danish army moves eastward.  Before their ships arrive, they are engaged and put to flight by  King Arnulf and a coalition of eastern Franks, Saxons, and Bavarians.
0891 Swinney dies.  He was the best teacher among the Scots.
0893 The Danish army turns about, and retreats westward to Bologne, where they take ship with all their horses.  They enter the mouth of the Limne, East Kent, with 250 ships at the east end of Andred Wood.  This vast wood covers 120 miles or more in an east-west direction, and is 30 miles wide.  It drains into the Limne.  They tow their ships four miles up the Limne to the forest, where they destroy a temporary fortification manned by a few churls in the marsh.  Soon Hasten enters the mouth of the Thames with 80 ships, where he does a work at Milton, and the other army at Appledore.
0894 - 0895 England is ravaged by famine, plague, and war.
0896 The Danes build a fortification by the Lea, twenty miles above the city of London.  In the summer, a large party of citizens and other folk attack the fortification of the Danes, but they are routed, and some four of the king's thanes are killed.  During harvest, while they reap their corn, the king encamps close to the city to keep the Danes from depriving them of the crop.  Then, one day, the King rides up along the river and sees a place where the river might be obstructed, and the Danish ships kept in.  There he builds a fortification on either side of the river.  When his people start work, and set up there camp there, the Danes realize that they are no longer able to bring out their ships.  The Danes leave their ships, go overland to Quatbridge by Severn, and build a fortification there.  The King's army rides westward in persuit.  The men of London go to fetch the ships.  They bring all the best ships into the port of London.  The rest, including the ones they are unable to bring to London, they destroy.  The East Angles provide sanctuary for the wives of the Danes.  The Danes winter at Quatbridge.
0897 In the summer, the Danes move out, some into East Anglia, some into Northumbria.  Those that are penniless take ship south for the Seine.  The Danes have not entirely destroyed the English nation, but the English are much weakened by cattle disease, and especially by human sickness.  Many of the mightiest of the king's thanes have died within the three years since the Danes entered the Limne.  Among these are Bishop Swithulf, of Rochester, Alderman Ceolmund, from Kent, Alderman Bertulf, from Essex, Alderman Wulfred, from Hampshire, Bishop Elhard, of Dorchester, thane Eadulf, from Sussex, Governor Bernuff, of Winchester, and Egulf the king's horse thane, and many others.  The plunderers in East Anglia and Northumbria greatly harass the land of the West Saxons by piracies on the southern coast, but most of all by the esks which they built many years before.  King Alfred orders the building of long ships to be used against the esks.  These are nearly twice as long as the others.  Some have sixty oars, some more.  They are swifter, steadier, and higher than the others.  They are shaped not after the Frisian or the Danish model, but as he himself thought might be most serviceable.  Six Danish ships arrive at the Isle of Wight, and going into Devonshire, they do much mischief both there and everywhere on the seacoast.  The king commands his men to go out against them with nine of the new ships, and prevent their escape to the sea by the mouth of the river.  When they find the Danes, three of their ships are on land, their crews being busy ashore.  The other three ships attack.  The kings men take two off the mouth of the river, and kill their crews.  The third veers off, but only five crewmen remain, and even these are severely wounded.  A land battle ensues.  The tide comes in,a nd the Danes manage to shove off, but they are so weakened that every one of these is later lost.
0900? Venice rises as a commercial power trading principally in spices, and leads Europe out of the dark ages.
0900? Malay speaking negrito seafarers disappear from Chinese records.
0900? Wang Kwan founds the kingdom of Koreo, root of the word, Korea.
0901 Six nights before the Mass of All Saints, King Alfred dies.  He was king over all the English nation, except that part that was under the power of the Danes.  He is succeeded by his son, Edward.  Prince Ethelwald, son of his paternal uncle, defects to the Danish army at Northumberland.  They receive him as their king.  The English army then rides after the wife (a former nun) that Ethelwald took without the king's permission, and against the command of the bishops.
0902 There is a great fight between the men of Kent and the Danes at the Holme.
0904 Ethelwald arrives with all the ships he can get overseas.  To him the people of Essex submit.  The moon is eclipsed.
0905 Ethelwald entices the army in East Anglia to rebel.  They overrun all the land of Mercia, ford the Thames at Cricklade, seize everything they can lay hands upon in Bradon and its vicinity, and return home.  As soon as he can gather his army, King Edward overruns all their land between the foss and the Ouse and northward to the fens.  Then he issues the order to leave, but the Kentish men disobey, and remain behind.  The Danes surround the men of Kent, and they fight.  There fall Aldermen Siwulf and Sigelm; Eadwold, the king's thane; Abbot Kenwulf; Sigebriht, the son of Siwulf; Eadwald, the son of Acca; and many others with them.  On the Danish side die Eohric, their king; Prince Ethelwald, who enticed them to the war; Byrtsige, the son of Prince Brihtnoth; Governor Ysop; Governor Oskytel; and very many others.  Many died on both sides, especially among the Danes, but they remained masters of the field.
0905 On the thirteenth day before the calends of November, a comet appears.
0906 King Edward is forced to conclude a peace with the armies of East Anglia and of North humbria.
0907 End of the Tong dynasty in China.
0907 The five dynasties period begins in China.
0907 King Edward concludes the peace treaty with the Danes of East Anglia and Northumberland at Hitchingford.  Chester is rebuilt.
0907 Athelred and Athelflaed fortify Chester.
0909 and 0910 Either athelflaed or her husband must have led the Mercian host at the battles of Tettenhall and Wednesfield (or Tettenhall-Wednesfield, if these battles are one and the same).
0910 King Edward sends armies from Wessex and Mercia which very much harass the northern Danish army by their attacks on men and property of every kind.  They remain in the country for five weeks, and kill many danes.  The Angles defeat the Danes at Tootenhall.  Ethelfleda builds a fortress at Bramsbury.  King Edward takes possession of London, Oxford, and all the lands which owe obedience thereto.  A great fleet arrives from the south, from the Lidwiccas (Brittany).  These greatly ravaged by the Severn, but almost all of them perished in the end.
0911 Ethelred dies.  He was lord of the Mercians.
0911 The Danish army in Northumberland breaks the truce, and plunders the land of the Mercians.  Edward attacks them from the rear as they return, and kills many Danes.
0912 Edward takes London and Oxford and all the lands that belong thereto.
0912 On the holy eve called the invention of the holy cross, Ethelfleda, lady of the Mercians, goes to Shergate, and builds the fortress there.  Also that at Bridgenorth.
0913 About Martinmas, King Edward has the northern fortress built at Hertford, between the Memer and the Benwic and the Lea.  In the summer, between gang- days and midsummer, King Edward and some of his force go into Essex, to Maldon.  There they encamp while men build and fortify the town of Witham.  Many of the people who were formerly under the Danes submit to him.  Meanwhile some of his force build the fortress at Hertford, on the south side of the Lea.  In the forepart of the summer, Ethelfleda and all the Mercians go to Tamworth, and build the fort there.  Before Lammas (August 1), they build the fort at Stafford.
0914 In the beginning of the summer, Ethelfleda  builds the fort at Eddesbury.  Late in the autumn, she builds the fort at Warwick.
0915 Before mid-winter, Ethelfleda builds the fort at Runkorn.  After mid-winter, Ethelfleda builds the fort at Chirbury and the fort at Warburton.  Warwick is built.
0916 Before midsummer, on the sixteenth day before the calends of July, The innocent Abbot Egbert is killed.  Three nights later, Ethelfleda sends an army into Wales, storms Brecknock, and kidnaps the king's wife and 34 others.
0917 After Easter, the Danes break their truce, ride out of Northampton and Leicester, and kill many men at Hookerton and thereabouts.
0918 Two earls, Ohter and Rhoald, arrive with a great naval armada from the Lidwiccians.  They go around westward, enter the mouth of the Severn, and plunder by the sea everywhere it suits them throughout North Wales.  Then the Danish army moves to plunder Archenfield, but they are put to flight by the men of Hertford, Glocester, and the nighest towns.  Many Danes are killed in this and other encounters.  After harvest, before Martin Mass, King Edward goes to Buckingham with his army, and camps there four weeks, during which he builds the two forts on either side of the water.  Before Laminas, Ethelfleda conquers Derby, but four of her dearest thanes are killed within the gates.  Twelve days before mid-summer, Ethelfleda, Lady of the Mercians, dies at Tamworth.
0919 Before Martinmas, King Edward and his army go to Bedford, and conquer the town.  Almost all the burgesses who obeyed him before return to him.  He camps there for weeks, and orders the town to be repaired on the south side of the water before he leaves.  Elfwina, daughter of Ethelred, lord of the Mercians, is deprived of all dominion over the Mercians, and carried into Wessex three weeks before mid-winter.
0920 Before mid-summer, Edward goes to Maldon, and repairs and fortifies the town.  Earl Thurkytel goes to Frankland with his followers under the protection and assistance of King Edward.  In the early part of the year, Ethelfleda gains the town of Leicester without loss, and the greater part of the army that belongs there submits to her.  The Yorkists also agree to submit to her.  But very soon after this, twelve nights before mid-summer, she dies at Tamworth.  Three weeks before midwinter, Healfwina, daughter of Ethered, lord of the Mercians, is deprived of all authority over the Mercians, and led into Wessex..
0921 Before Easter, King Edward orders his men to rebuild the town of Towcester.  Then, during the gang-days, he orders the town of Wigmore to be repaired.  Between Lammas and midsummer, the Danish army breaks its word and attacks the countryside again.
0928 The icelandic government shifts from feudal to aristocratic form under the name of a "republic".
0930? Eric Blood-axe begins to reign.
0950? Papyrus production ceases in Egypt.
0960 The Song dynasty gains power in China.
0961 Nicephorus attempts to reoccupy Halep.  He fails.
0968 Cairo is founded in Egypt.
0969 Cairo is built.
0974 John Zimisces temporarily reoccupies Halep (or Haleb, now Aleppo).  He is emperor of Byzantium and a native of neighbouring Hierapolis.  Of late, Halep has belonged to the Eastern Caliphate (the "Hanidanids").
0975 A great Famine desolates Western Europe.
0976 There is a great famine in England.
0978 All the oldest counsellors of England fall from an upper floor at Calne, but the holy Archbishop Dunstan is left standing alone upon a beam.  Some are dreadfully bruised, and some do not escape with life.  On the 15th day before the calends of April, at eventide,King Edward is murdered at Corfe-gate.
0981 Bishop Friederich, a Saxon, introduces Christianity into Iceland.
0985 Icelander Eric the Red discovers America.
0986 The great cattle murrain appears in England for the first time.
0991 Ipswich is plundered.  Alderman Britnoth is killed at Maidon.  Archbishop Siric suggests that tribute should be given to the Danes for the great terror they occasion by the sea coast.  This resolution is adopted for the first time, and a payment of 10,000 pounds is then made.
0992  It is asserted at a council of the church that scarcely a single person is to be found in Rome itself who knows the first elements of letters.
0995 A comet appears.
1000? Goldfish are domesticated in China.
1000? A Jewish princess, Judith, conceives the design of murdering all the members of the royal family of Abyssinia, and of establishing herself in their stead.
1001  The Moslems make their first inroads into India from over the north-west border under their great leader Mahmud of Ghazni.   He first invades the plains of the Panjab, then Multan, then other places.
1002 The king and his council agree that tribute should be given to the Danish fleet, and peace made with them, with the provision that they should desist from their mischief.  The king sends Alderman Leofsy to the Danish fleet.  The Danes accept the king's conditions, and receive food and a payment of 24,000 pounds.  Alderman Leofsy kills Eafy, high-steward of the king, and the king banishes him from the land.  During lent, the Lady Elfgive Emma, Richard's daughter, comes to England.  Archbishop Eadulf dies.  The king gives an order to kill all the Danes in England, and this is done on the mass-day of St.  Brice.
1003  Thorfinn Karlsefne founds a colony on American soil.  He is the husband of the widow of Leif's brother, Thorstein.  It is discontinued three years later on account of the hostility of the Esquimaux.
1005 There is a great famine in England so severe that no man ere remembered such.
1012 The Saxons defeat the Danes at Hocktide.
1013 Svein the Dane takes the English throne.
1014 On the eve of St.  Michael's day, a tsunami strikes England.  It spread wide over England, and ran so far up as it never did before, overwhelming many towns, and an innumerable multitude of people.
1014 Svein dies.  His eldest son, Knut, 18, cuts the feet and noses off his father's hostages, leaves them at Sandwich, and sails for Denmark.
1015 Olaf Haraldson gives up vikingism and returns to Norway, where he subdues several Jarls and becomes king.
1017 King Knute (the Dane) takes the whole government of England, and divides it into four parts.  He takes Wessex for himself, East Anglia for Thurkyll, Mercia for Edric, and Northumbria for Eric.  The following persons are killed in London: Alderman Edric; Norman, son of Alderman Leofwin; Ethelward, son of Ethelmar the Great; and Britric, son of Elfege of Devonshire.  King Knute also banishes Edwy etheling, whom he afterwards ordered to be slain, and Edwy, king of the churls.  Before the calends of August the king gave an order to fetch him the widow of the other king, Ethelred, the daughter of Richard, to wife.
1021 Mahmud raids Kalinga.
1023 Mahmud raids Kathiawar.
1027 Olaf Haraldson defeats Knut in a sea battle At Lymfjord, in Jutland.  Knut escapes.
1028 King Knute goes to Norway with fifty ships manned by English thanes, and drives King Olave from the land, which he entirely secures to himself.
1030 July 29 There is an eclipse of the sun, and the Bonders kill Olaf at Stickelstad.
1030 Famine strikes England.  Human flesh is cooked and sold.
1031 King Knute goes to Rome.  After he returns, he goes to Scotland, and  Malcolm, king of the Scots, submits to him, and became his man, with two other kings, Macbeth and Jehmar; but he held his allegiance a little while only.  Robert, Earl of Normandy, goes to Jerusalem, where he dies.
1032 A wild fire appears "such as no man ever remembered before," which does great damage in many places.
1035 On the second day before the ides of November, King Knute dies at Shaftesbury.
1039 The sester of wheat goes up to fifty-five pence, and even further.
1039 There is a terrible wind.
1041 The seasons do not occur at their right times, and so much cattle perish as no man before remembers, some by various diseases, and others by tempests.
1044 There is very great hunger over all England, and corn so dear as no man remembers.  The sester of wheat rises to sixty pence and more.
1046 After Candlemas follows a severe winter, with frost and snow and all kinds of bad weather.  There is no man alive who can remember so severe a winter as this one, both for loss of men and for loss of cattle.  Even birds and fishes perish from excessive cold and hunger.
1048 Pope Benedict IX abdicates.
1048 The winter is very severe.  on the calends of May,  there is an earthquake in many places--at Worcester, Wick, Derby, and elsewhere wide throughout England--with very great loss by disease of men and of cattle over all England; and the wild fire in Derbyshire and elsewhere did much harm.
1053 On the mass-night of St.  Thomas, there is a great wind, which does much harm everywhere.  There are also strong winds throughout mid-winter.
1054 There is a great loss of cattle such as is not remembered for many winters before.
1054 Chinese astronomers watch in awe as a star in the constellation, Torus, grows brighter.  It is a supernova that happened 6,000 years ago.  Its remnants later become known as the Crab Nebula.
1057 Isleif is ordained first Bishop of Skalholt, in Iceland.
1059 Nicolas II restricts elections to the College of Cardinals by a two- thirds vote, and gives to the German emperor the right of confirmation.  Up to this time elections have been made by the whole body of the Roman clergy, and the concurrence of the magistrates and citizens has been necessary.
1060 On the Translation of St.  Martin, there is a great earthquake.  King Henry dies in France.
1065 Oliver, a monk of Malmesbury, makes himself wings like those supposed to have been used by Daedalus, attaches them to his hands and feet, and attempts to fly.
1066 On the 8th before the calends of May, A comet appears.
1066 October 14 Earl William of Normandy defeats Harold at the battle of Hastings.  William, whose grandfather was a Norse pirate, becomes king of England.
1066 The Church of Rome begins its great centralizing movement.
1067 Malcolm of Scotland marries Princess Margaret, exiled daughter of Harold, against her will.  He loves her, and becomes a "Christian," evidently the first "Christian" king in Scotland.
1070 There is a great famine.
1077 One night before the Assumption of St.  Mary, London burns.  It is the most terrible fire in London so far.
1077 Three nights before Candlemas, the moon is eclipsed.
1077 Henry IV of Germany is forced to make an ignominious peace with Pope Gregory VI (Hildebrand).
1082 There is a great famine.
1084? St Bruno establishes the Carthusian order.
1086 There is a very heavy season, and a swinkful and sorrowful year in England, in murrain of cattle, and corn and fruits are at a stand, and so much untowardness in the weather, as a man may not easily think; so tremendous is the thunder and lightning that it kills many men; and it continually grows worse and worse with men.
1087 There is a very heavy and pestilent season in England.  Almost every other man is sick with such a dreadful kind of diarrhoea that many lose their lives.  Then, because the weather has been so bad, there is such a great famine over all England that many hundreds of men die a miserable death of starvation.  People lie sick at the point of death, and then sharp hunger comes to dispatch them.  On the next day after the Nativity of St.  Mary, King William dies in Normandy.  The Moslems make inroads upon the Christians, and reduce much of the country to their dominion in Spain.  King Alphonzo sends to various countries for help, and the "Christians" succeed in killing or driving back the Moslems off their lands.
1089 On the third day before the ides of August, There is much earth-stirring over all of England.  It is a very late year in corn, and in every kind of fruits, so that many men reap their corn about Martinmas or later.
1093 Malcolm dies in battle with the English at the hands of his friends.  When Queen Margaret (whom he once forced to marry him against her will) hears this, "her most beloved lord and son thus betrayed, she was in her mind almost distracted to death."
1095  Easter of this year is on the eighth day before the calends of April, and upon Easter, on the night of the feast of St Ambrose, that is, the second before the nones of April, over nearly all this land, and almost all night long, myriads of stars are seen to fall from heaven, not by ones or by twos, but so thick in succession that no man can count them.  This same year also the weather is very unseasonable, so that throughout all England the fruits of the earth are reduced to a moderate crop.
1095 At the council of Clermont, in France, the Pope gets up, describes the terrible horrors which the infidels have inflicted upon the Holy Land, gives a glowing description of this country which has been overflowing with milk and honey ever since the days of Moses, and exhorts the knights of France and the people of Europe in general to leave wife and child and deliver Palestine from the Turks.
1095 The crusades begin, alerting the West to trade opportunities in the East.
1096 Pope Urbane II raises an army of 35,000 men and sends them to recapture the Holy Land from the Moslems.  The second crusade begins.  An immense multitude depart england with their wives and children to make war upon the heathen.
1097  Upon the feast of St.  Michael, the fourth day before the nones of October, an uncommon star is seen shining in the evening and setting quickly.  It lies in the southwestern sky, and there is what appears to be a long ray standing off from it shining southeastward.  It continues to appear in this way every night for a week.  Many people suppose that it is a comet.  Bad weather makes farming laborious beyond measure, both when men attempt to till the land and to gather the harvest.
1098 Stephen Harding founds the Cistercian monastic order of reformed Benedictines.
1098 In the summer, many reliable men say that they have seen a pool welling with blood at Finchamstead in Berkshire.  Before Michaelmas, the sky is of such a hue that it appears as if it were burning almost all night long.  It rains so abundantly and so ceaselessly throughout the year that nearly all the crops in the marshlands are destroyed.
1099 During the festival of St.  Martin, on the first day of the new moon, the sea flood springs up to such a height and does so much harm that no one can remember it ever having been so high before.
1099 The crusaders invade Palestine.  Their hold upon Jerusalem lasts less than a century.
1100 The Aphorisms of Hippocrates, in Arabia, the manuscript of which bears this date, has been pronounced the oldest specimen of linen paper that has come to light.
1100 At Pentecost, many people say that they have seen blood welling from the earth at a certain town in Berkshire.  On the morning after Lammas day, King William is shot by an arrow from his own men during a hunt.
1100 Arabic manuscripts are at this time written on satin paper, and embellished with a quantity of ornamental work, painted in such gay and resplendent colors that the reader might behold his face reflected as if from a mirror.
1103 Blood is seen rising from the earth at Hamstead, in Berkshire.  This is a very calamitous year in England, through manifold impositions, murrain of cattle, and deficiency of produce, not only in corn, but in every kind of fruit.  In the morning, on the mass day of St.  Laurence, the wind did more harm on land to all fruits than any man can remember before.
1104 The first day of Pentecost is on the nones of June, and on the following Tuesday, at midday, four circles of a white hue are seen about the sun, each described under the other as if they were measured.  No one remembered seeing such a thing before.
1105? a house for Austin canons is founded at Colchester, England.
1106  In the first week of Lent, on Friday, the fourteenth before the calends of March, in the evening, a comet appears in the southwest.  It seems to be little and dark, but its tail is very bright, and appears like an immense beam shining northeastward.  It continues to appear every evening for a long time.  One evening, the tail appears to be moving itself forward against the star.  Some say they have seen more of such unusual stars at this time.
1106 On the night preceding the Lord's Supper, that is, the Thursday before Easter, the fourteenth day of the moon, two moons are seen in the heavens before day, the one in the east, and the other in the west, both full.
1109 Tremendous thunderstorms are frequent.
1110  May 5 (early evening) The moon, now a fortnight old, appears bright, then gradually diminishes until by nightfall it has completely disappeared.  The sky is clear, and the stars shine very bright over all of the heavens.  The fruits of the trees are sorely nipt by frost.  The moon continues to be invisible until just before dawn, when it appears shining full and bright.
1110 June For many nights, a star appears in the northeast with its train towards the southwest.  As the night advances, and it rises higher, its train will be seen going back toward the northwest.
1110 The Crusaders capture Ptolemais from the Arabs.
1111 The winter is very long and severe.  the fruits of the earth are sorely marred, and there is the greatest murrain of cattle that any man can remember.
1112 This is a very good and fruitful